Other pathways basically overlap with the TGF- signaling pathway (Fig. Plumulaceous - definition of plumulaceous by The Free Dictionary CNS designed experiments. An official website of the United States government. 2013;24(1):2230. 1995;206(1):339. Mr. jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards at a local private school. A bone morphogenetic protein, BMP2, was predicted to be the upstream regulator for gene expression differences (Table1). First, the amount of variation within a . The marginal plate in basal layer flanking each barb ridge and axial cells undergo apoptosis after the barbule plates are keratinized. Key branching morphogenetic molecules include central signaling molecules such as BMPs, TGF-, FGF, and MMPs [13, 7678]. {^'^X#:0q+9TwUEzng7eoWz>,r(^gzE==mD ^Mkzbu+,DIxJM'YLPOI)*btdB6UF,:"FyFG> s%-l\PA(P,Z'sih{>g~d#,m5zk?LK\cHM*vj"! 2_z,6]y/%M-Let@e*B_4bi=+lZHE@oWq.G 3gRb)hBW ZujW;iZ"9#U`A`Tg\JB\xbdHp|h<5Y;-zr ^D(, Jordana MF Graveley, Margaret Rubega, and Kevin R. Burgio, Seasonal plumage condition variation and the thermal value of the feather coats of house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Xu X, Zhou Z, Dudley R, Mackem S, Chuong CM, Erickson GM, et al. Iber D, Menshykau D. The control of branching morphogenesis. Tarazona S, Garcia-Alcalde F, Dopazo J, Ferrer A, Conesa A. An official website of the United States government. Epub 2008 Mar 14. Meng-Shin Shiao, Meng-Ru Ho, Hsu-Chen Cheng, Pin-Chi Tang, Chua-Ti Ting, and Tzi-Yuan Wang for help. Required fields are marked *. The individual feathers in the wings and tail play important roles in controlling flight. plumulaceous | Bald Eagles J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. Paetzold H, Goepfert C, Huber G, Hoenig E, Portner R, Schilling AF, et al. Bovine serum albumin reverses inhibition of RT-PCR by melanin. The feather is also an excellent example of exaptation. Article Costa V, Angelini C, De Feis I, Ciccodicola A. Uncovering the complexity of transcriptomes with RNA-Seq. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. This process initially produced variably branched . The antagonistic balance between noggin and BMP4 has been shown to play a critical role in feather branching, with BMP4 promoting rachis formation and barb fusion, and noggin enhancing rachis and barb branching [19]. 300 0 obj We also found that 49 genes previously identified to have undergone rapid evolution and/or positive selection in avian lineages [29] are expressed in all feather samples (Additional file 5: Table S4). f(x) = x2 4. The pennaceous feather also has a rachis (or shaft) from which branches the barbs. Plumulaceous region. D) humorless, solemn personality. This is true for birds as well as planes. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Tenascin-C has been shown to evolve rapidly in avian lineages [29]. It would decrease ones ability to produce antibodies. The best answer choice for the question: What characteristics do non-perching birds have in common with tropical birds and owls, would be, A: Hooked beaks. Transcriptomic analyses of regenerating adult feathers in chicken. IPA canonical pathway analysis showed that several genes involved in the TGF- signaling (INHBA, RUNX3, PMEPA1, RUNX2, INHBB), the Sertoli cell-Sertoli cell junction signaling (TUBB3, TUBA1B, CLDN4, TJP3, JAM3, ACTN1, MTMR2) and the germ cell-Sertoli cell junction (CDH2, TUBB3, GSN, TUBA1B, ACTN1, MTMR2) signaling were differentially expressed. What does it eat? b.) xmo0,$uKf&{1\Cn)eNqnB?N{dMJ8;s{eM~Vc.'iT&YWR_21gOBA V?:1YAPL endobj Everything You Need to Know About Feathers. We used Illumina Hiseq 2000 to obtain five feather transcriptomes from the pennaceous and plumulaceous portions of body feather, the distal and proximal parts of flight feather, and the flight feather calamus (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Cell structure of developing barbs and barbules in downfeathers of the chick: Central role of barb ridge morphogenesis for the evolution of feathers. An integrative approach to understanding bird origins. <>2]/P 16 0 R/Pg 277 0 R/S/Link>> Among the 957 differentially expressed protein-coding genes (DEGs), 223 were up-regulated, while 734 were down-regulated in the plumulaceous portion in comparison to the pennaceous portion (Fig. Reproducibility of the data was confirmed by the strong correlation between the values of gene expression obtained by RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR (Additional file 1: Figure S2). Which of these is the best example of debt? The site where nuclear waste is to be stored must be chosen carefully because any disturbance to the site, such as an earthquake, could cause the waste to leak out of the site and contaminate the ground and/or the water. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 1991;642:26380. MeSH A cluster of vane fragments from several pennaceous feathers are preserved adjacent to the leading-edge vane of the remix together with more small plumulaceous feathers similar to those preserved near the calamus of the remix (Fig. <>4]/P 6 0 R/Pg 277 0 R/S/Link>> endobj Genome Biol. Yucel G, Altindag B, Gomez-Ospina N, Rana A, Panagiotakos G, Lara MF, et al. 2000;136:1016. J Histochem Cytochem. endobj endstream Birds have lightweight feathers on the wings hence allowing for a higher lift to weight ratio. 45 0 obj <> <> Differentiated barbules, terminal hooks (barbicels) 5. <> - Feather Function Flight Insulation Waterproofing Display Intimidation Camouflage Structures of Bird Feathers Structures of wing feathers The closer view of a primary flight feather Structures of downy feathers What are feathers made of? Privacy Which Came First, theFeather Bird? - JSTOR However, as hairs have no branching structures, the genes that are involved in feather morphogenesis but not in hair development may participate in generating branching structures. endobj The present study deals with the cell structure and three-dimensional organization of barb and barbule cells within barb ridges of down feathers and juvenile feathers in the chick embryo. 3 A). In all of them, what can be found in common is that they tend to have beaks that are shaped hooklike, and are very strong, giving them the capacity to catch strong prey and be efficient hunters. Bookshelf 2022 Jun 7;25(7):104545. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104545. 3 0 obj A detailed comparison of transcriptomes between feathers and hairs may reveal the molecular mechanism shared and distinct between these two types of keratinized skin appendages. Growth of the mesodermal constituents and blood circulation in the pulp. Mapping stem cell activities in the feather follicle. Develop Growth Differ. Wang Z, Gerstein M, Snyder M. RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics. Fine structure of juvenile feathers of the zebrafinch in relation to the evolution and diversification of pennaceous feathers. Film badges are monitoring devices that contain photographic film which measures and record the wearers exposure to different ionizing radiation such as X-rays, gamma rays and beta particles. 2023 May 19;9(20):eadg9619. Among these genes, 9,638 are expressed at all five samples, 10,001 are co-expressed in cEB and cLB, 10,173 are co-expressed in cEB and cEF, 11,283 are co-expressed in cEF and cMF, and 11,132 are co-expressed in cMF and cLF. Matrix GLA protein, an inhibitory morphogen in pulmonary vascular development. anchors the feather into the follicle inferior umbilicus eCollection 2022. 5 0 obj Atit R, Conlon RA, Niswander L. EGF signaling patterns the feather array by promoting the interbud fate. (XLS 30kb). Signalling via type IA and type IB bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPR) regulates intramembranous bone formation, chondrogenesis and feather formation in the chicken embryo. Before cEB, early body feather of chicken (pennaceous); cLB, late body feather (plumulaceous); cEF, early primary flight feather; cMF, middle primary flight feather; cLF, late primary flight feather (calamus). Science. YAS, TCT, CFC provided chickens for feather samples. Open Biol. Lucas AM, Stettenheim PR. 301 0 obj Before The feather samples used in this study. (PDF 270kb), Summary of the 15 feather epithelial transcriptomes. Each sample was a pool of mRNA from two-three follicle epidermis of one individual. The spatial and temporal controls of branching are controlled by developmental decisions requiring regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasiveness, and cell motility. Genetic control of branching morphogenesis. 274 0 obj Huang DW, Sherman BT, Tan Q, Collins JR, Alvord WG, Roayaei J, et al. The basal part of the calamus is without vanes. 3). 2005;19(10):13324. Mikkola ML. The invagination of the multilayered epithelium in the ramogenic zone starts branching morphogenesis. Interpopulation Variation in Contour Feather Structure Is - PLOS Prog Histochem Cytochem. Sulfated and non-sulfated GAGs play a potential role in all stages of feather development. J Cell Biol. Retinoic acid receptor beta (RARB) is a receptor of retinoic acid which regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis and is involved in the feather-bud formation [58]. Epistatic and combinatorial effects of pigmentary gene mutations in the domestic pigeon. The expression levels of WNT ligands such as WNT5A/WNT5B/WNT6 were found to be high in the feather epithelium and pulp compared to dermal papillae [56]. Tuhkanen AL, Agren UM, Tammi MI, Tammi RH. PubMed Central A consumer's market exists when: prices are lowest Cytochemical and molecular characteristics of the process of cornification during feather morphogenesis. We have named the gene barbule specific keratin 1 (BlSK1). Prog Histochem Cytochem. Playing with the slider below gives you a taste of how down works on a microscopic level. 2010;11(6):R68. Dev Dyn. Alibardi L. Gap and tight junctions in the formation of feather branches: A descriptive ultrastructural study. 1999;47(12):161724. Development and evolutionary origin of feathers. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Genome Biol Evol. Plumulaceous feathers have barbs that are loose and fluffy. film sensitive to radiation that is removed and developed to measure exposure. 49 0 obj White leghorn chickens were used for body contour feathers to avoid melanin contamination, which is difficult to remove and can inhibit essential enzymatic reactions for RNA-seq [80, 81]. 2008;43(1):1-69. doi: 10.1016/j.proghi.2008.01.001. Empirical tests support the assumptions of the model that, within the feather ectoderm, Shh (activator) up-regulates its own transcription and that of Bmp2 (inhibitor), whereas Bmp2 signaling down-regulates Shh expression. Hope this helped! However, the line of symmetry is always a real number such that x = n. We can find the line of symmetry for a quadratic equation using the formula; x = -b / 2a. Feathers provide a unique system to analyze the development of complex morphological novelties. Wen-Hsiung Li. Association of Tyrosinase (TYR) and Tyrosinase-related Protein 1 (TYRP1) with Melanic Plumage Color in Korean Quails (Coturnix coturnix). Many genes involved in extracellular region and cell adhesion were up-regulated significantly in the middle-grow flight feather (Table2). Playing with the slider below gives you a taste of how preening works on a microscopic level. 2aP`t*7f Tr#1N$~2YF7o~{dobVukrlF)AsNFWvk}tY:rS9n/@I|Gh(e*~cA\mDSik^~}omGVKg&"y? J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 41 0 obj All About Birds PDF Quantification of Microscopic Feather Characters Used in the 14 0 obj 43 0 obj National Library of Medicine 46 0 obj That is, it refers to the growth of population size as a result of the increase in the number of individuals in that population. endobj Google Scholar. endobj Such a change may last for a short period of time and the damge caused by the change will be recovered by the environmental conditions. Chuong CM. <>stream TCC_L2 and white leghorn chicken contour feathers are different in color but highly similar in morphology and structure. This common behavior is called preening. D. Exceptional night vision. 2014;158(5):12122. The expansion of the genes is thought to have contributed to feather evolution; however, it is unclear how the individual genes are involved in feather formation. This study was supported by Ministry of Science and Technology (formerly known as National Science Council), Taiwan (MOST 104-2621-B-001-003-MY3 and 99-2321-B-001-041-MY2) and Academia Sinica, Taiwan. <> The mutation of premelanosome protein (PEML) can cause hypopigmentation in chickens [44]. [56]. Int J Dev Biol. Zoom in to see it in action . Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. MeSH It would stop cell-mediated immune responses. f(x) = (x + 4)2 Here, we set the q value (differentially expression probability) in the method to be 0.75 (this value is equivalent to an odd of 3:1, i.e., the gene is three times more likely to be differentially expressed than it is not) and require at least a 2-fold change in FPKM between the two samples. /t bacteria, The answer is light for the plants but they dont eat they make there own energy. uuid:79ca2154-b182-11b2-0a00-702a39010000 The line of symmetry in a quadratic equation is a vertical line that cuts the parabola. 2008;103(8):78495. 273 0 obj Birds; Evolution; Feather filaments; Gene expression; Microarray. Nat Rev Genet. Tyrosinase (TYR) and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1) are known to be involved in the feather pigment pattern formation [38]. Preening also distributes oil throughout the feathers, keeping them healthy, flexible, and waterproof. PubMed Feathers have diverse forms with hierarchical branching patterns and are an excellent model for studying the development and evolution of morphological traits. Interestingly, BlSK1 was expressed in feather follicles that generated pennaceous barbules but not in follicles that generated plumulaceous barbules. Your US state privacy rights, Imagine that you were in charge in deciding where a nuclear waste site should be established on a small continent about the size of Australia. Similar molecular mechanisms could exist for the epithelial branching program, even though the feather is an evolutionary novel tissue. Dev Biol. Most of these rapidly evolving and/or positively selected genes are enriched for cytoskeleton and cell adhesion. The genes in melanin biosynthetic process (TYR, TYRP1, PMEL) were up-regulated simply because the color is usually darker in the flight feather of this breed than in the contour feather of both TCC_L2 and white leghorn chickens. Disclaimer. Prog Clin Biol Res. We collected regenerating pennaceous and plumulaceous portions of body contour feathers, the distal and proximal portions of primary flight feathers, and the calamus of primary flight feathers. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Shape, color, and size are all common ways to determine the species of the bird, when only looking at the egg. The feathers are thin and are not good insulators. What condition absolutely must be present in a population before evolution can act upon it ? <> (CSV 1314kb), Positively selected and/or rapid evolving genes in avian lineages [29] that are expressed in all feather samples. Transcriptomic analyses of regenerating adult feathers in chicken, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-1966-6, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Mauger A, Demarchez M, Herbage D, Grimaud JA, Druguet M, Hartmann D, et al. 2014 [28]. Subsequently, pennaceous feather structure evolved through the integration of barb ridge morphogenesis with a second, local inhibitor and a dorsal/ventral signal gradient within the feather. 306 0 obj 4d, Additional file 9: Table S8). Feathers develop from the distal end to the proximal end in a temporal-spatial manner, thus providing an opportunity to analyze gene expression profiles associated with different zones of a feather (Fig. SMW, JJC, YTL, CTM performed laboratory experiments. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Dev Biol. A.eutrophication Figure S2. Bookshelf Compared to the close proximal part of the flight feather, the calamus expressed significantly more genes involved in extracellular matrix and cell adhesion (Table2). New York, NY: Springer; 2007. Sci Adv. Three fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor genes, FGFR1, FGFR2 and FGFR3, have been suggested to be involved in feather morphogenesis [46]. endobj 8600 Rockville Pike Coulombe PA, Caterina MJ. (XLS 35kb), Canonical pathways for cEF vs. cMF differentially expressed gene set. 2005;102(33):117349. For those genes with a FPKM>0.1 (FPKM=Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads), there were 12,608 genes expressed in all three biological replicates of at least one type of the feather epithelium in the total transcriptomes. endobj The model is congruent with paleontological evidence that plumulaceous feathers are primitive to pennaceous feathers. The full data sets have been submitted to NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under accession nos. Cell Cycle. The site is secure. The cycling parameters of RT-qPCR were as follows: 95C for 3min, then 40cycles of 95C for 10s, and annealing for 20s. Gene names and primer sequences are shown in Additional file 3: Table S2. 1982;94(1):93105. 5, Additional file 13: Table S12). B.Brightly colored feathers Hence, it is a short term human induce change. These analyses shed light on the genetic basis of feather diversity. 2020 Jun 8;53(5):561-576.e9. The expression of CD44, which is also known to evolve rapidly in avian lineages [29], correlates with the onset of keratinocyte stratification and mesenchymal maturation into fibrous dermis in fetal human skin [68]. 2004;48(23):24970. The orientation of collagen fibers in the feather buds may promote feather growth by creating a gradient of stiffness, thus triggering the pressure sensitive growth factors [65]. Both pennaceous and plumulaceous feathers had similar histochemical reactivity for safranin O. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a specific type of glycoproteins that specifically react with safranin O (Wall and Board, 2014). <>3]/P 6 0 R/Pg 277 0 R/S/Link>> Nine genes involved in tube development (WNT5A, LMO4, LIPA, SHH, EDNRA, RARB, GJA5, CRH, GLI1) were increased in expression in the early-growth flight feather (Table2). I belive C is your answer. (a) cEB vs. cLB, (b) cEB vs. cEF, (c) cEF vs. cMF, and (d) cMF vs. cLF. Copyright 2023 Ornithology | Site by TOD. It appears that bird scales arose anew as novel structures and their purpose was not flight or insulation, but communication as these first feathers were useless for anything, but they were colored, indicating that they were some sort of signal. Pennaceous feather - Wikipedia and transmitted securely. volume16, Articlenumber:756 (2015) Your answer would be (A). PLoS Biol. competition is lacking. The outer primary feathers are attached to the hand bones and serve as propulsion mechanisms. Give 5 examples of adaptations birds have acquired and explain how they contribute to their ability to fly, The Chesapeake Bay is an important natural resource. Genetic variation enables natural selection, which is one of the major force driving the evolution given evidence by Darwin. Barb ridges of juvenile feathers contain more cells in their barbule and axial plates with respect to barb ridges of down feathers. 3). 6 0 obj Besides feathers, epithelial tissues such as the vascular system, kidney, lung, and mammary gland arise through branching morphogenesis of a pre-existing epithelial structure [13, 7678]. Cells of embryonic and regenerating germinal layers within barb ridges: implication for the development, evolution and diversification of feathers. Feather filaments consist of -keratins encoded by multiple genes, most of which are located in tandem arrays on chromosomes 2, 25, and 27 in chicken. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Hair follicle morphogenesis also depends on WNT, SHH, NOTCH, BMP and other signaling pathways that interact between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. However, recent discoveries of fully pennaceous RDFs suggest that this morphotype may be a specialized form of normal pennaceous feather. Functionally similar features that have arisen through convergent evolution are analogous, whereas homologous structures or traits have a common origin but can have dissimilar functions. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Identification of genes related to white and black plumage formation by RNA-Seq from white and black feather bulbs in ducks. As the water waves go through the gap they spread out, this is called diffraction. e1211. IPA canonical pathway analysis showed that these DEGs included several genes involved in the Sertoli cell-Sertoli cell junction signaling (PVRL1, TJP1, TUBB3, CLDN3, CLDN4, CGN, TUBB4B, RAB8B, PRKAR1A, MAP3K1, TUBA1B, MAPK1, TUBA4A, TJP3) and in the regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathway (FGFR2, FGFR3, EGFR, PDGFD, PARD6A, JAG1, CLDN3, SMAD2, FZD2, JAK1, PYGO2, HIF1A, MAPK1, WNT6, HMGA2) (Fig. Mutz KO, Heilkenbrinker A, Lonne M, Walter JG, Stahl F. Transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing. The Secret of Bird Feathers - What's a Feather Look Like Under a endobj 2020;139:375-405. doi: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.03.002. 2014 Jul;275(7):768-74. doi: 10.1002/jmor.20257. <> 2007;6(3):28590. <>/P 26 0 R/S/Link>> Figure S3. The rachis is formed by fusion of barb ridges at the anterior end of the feather. Feathers are the one most distinguishing characteristic of birds. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 2013;27(12):13157. Because it traps air so effectively, the downy layer on ducks and other waterfowl also helps them stay buoyant. Each gene identifier was mapped to its corresponding gene object in the Ingenuity Pathways Knowledge Base.
