The system is exploiting a collection of vehicles carrying correlational information, both input correlations and output correlations. For present purposes, it can be assumed that the acts considered are simple, i.e., . The Owner's Perspective (Row 2)33 the recipient (customer, user) of the end product (e.g., airplane, house, enterprise, etc.). However, my account does imply that, where they exist, these features will give rise to a descriptivedirective difference as expected. In these contexts, women are depicted as agents employing unconventional ways of becoming political through different strategies. [5] Typically, data is visualized in the form of a chart, infographic, diagram or map. The narratives of neo-liberal Western subject' are not being read through this critical framework. New Labour's Women MPs , Routledge, 2004; K. Cramer Walsh, 'Female Legislators and the Women's Rights Agenda', in C. Simon Rosenthal (ed.) Its not always the case that the same attitude-neutral vehicle can be reused in different functional roles so as to give it different modes of representing. It is a pure directive. from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/, Descriptive Research | Definition, Types, Methods & Examples, When to use a descriptive research design. That range may be very wide: O1vO2v On. I turn finally to our cases of UE structural correspondence. In the case of structural representations, a representation is tokened in virtue of two or more vehicles standing in a certain relation within the system. Rather than causation by C, what is characteristic of the descriptive role is that the correlation of R with C, and hence Cs obtaining better than chance, enters into the explanation of how downstream effects of R have or achieve their task functions. Although the accounts of content do not differentiate between descriptive and directive modes of representingnor need they do so in order for the obtaining or otherwise of the content-condition to explain success and failure of behaviourwe can supplement them so as to classify whether the exploitable relation plays a descriptive or directive role (or both, or neither). Descriptive Representation Flashcards - Learning tools, flashcards, and We have been supposing that this structure arises through learning because it has led rats to follow efficient routes to worthwhile locations, food sources say. One cell is specified as a target state. tive and substantive representation. Representations with response breadth are not tightly functionally coupled to specific types of response (like Prices condition on having directive content). Enjoy a 20% Discount on all IGI Global Books. In the descriptive case, the whole point of tokening R is that C does obtain already, or at least that it is likely to obtain at the point when behavioural outputs prompted by R occur. DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION (noun) definition and synonyms | Macmillan Reflexivity is a system capacity criterion that measures the extent to which . Instantiation of the co-activation relation represents, under the UE structural correspondence, that location y is near to location x. Propositional attitudes admit of other modes of representing in addition to the descriptive and the directive, for example supposing. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. So, the descriptivedirective distinction should turn on whether producing condition C or reflecting condition C figures in the explanation (in an unmediated explanation of howthrough the representations implementing an internal algorithmS performs task functions Fj). Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Systems of government and types of government. Beliefs and desires, respectively, are the paradigmatic examples of descriptive and directive representations. Only its outputs have directive content, programming one or other action. cause condition C to obtain). So, this definition of descriptive content allows that representations can have both descriptive and directive content in appropriate cases, without going too far and entailing that all directives also carry descriptive content. The unsaturated view calls for a switch from saturated content online to unsaturated content offline. the body of voters, or constituents, represented by a particular politician delegate model of representation a model of representation in which representatives feel compelled to act on the specific stated wishes of their constituents descriptive representation So, R looks to have the descriptive content that the arm will shortly be raised. They have descriptive content; similarly for the input nodes. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Section 7.3 shows how the distinction works in our case studies. So Price (2001) says directive content only arises when a representation has been selected to produce a particular outcome via a range of different behaviours in different circumstances (Price 2001, p. 141). The Legitimacy of Representation: How Descriptive, Formal, and This idea stretches back to the way Lewis draws the distinction (Lewis 1969), and gets its intuitive support from the way hearers interpret and react to linguistic commands. Nevertheless, my distinction is closely related to the canonical teleosemantic treatment. Eliminate grammar errors and improve your writing with our free AI-powered grammar checker. The descriptive and symbolic views of political representation describe the ways in which political representatives "stand for" the people they represent. Political parties can establish descriptive representation independently by setting aside a particular number of party seats for particular groups (women, oppressed ethical groups, etc. June 22, 2023. Created by LaurenMalcolm Terms in this set (12) Short of We're still _______descriptive representation! If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. A characteristic way of doing that is for desires to have different strengths.7 Relative strength can vary over time, for example through the vehicles being more or less active.8 The choice of action then depends both on the relative strength of the agents desire for q and the agents assessment of how likely it is that they can bring about q. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Political Science Association, https://doi.org/10.1017/S104909652100158X, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. For example, if a rat has repeatedly observed a light paired with the delivery of food, then the light becomes a secondary reinforcer. What is Substantive Representation Definition, Characteristics4. Sterelny argues that response breadth is a defeasible way of distinguishing descriptive from directive representations: descriptive representations tend to be strongly decoupled from producing any specific type of response. Description definition, a statement, picture in words, or account that describes; descriptive representation. Our results show that the descriptive representation of women makes a difference for policy representation, (i) mainly (though not only) when issues that particularly affect women are at stake and (ii) only concerning issues around which political parties do not yet have settled positions (i.e. You do not currently have access to this chapter. In the human belief-desire system, orthodoxy holds that the same vehicle of content can be entertained with different attitudes. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. If an organism plans a sequence of actions and represents them with some kind of directed causal graph, which it then consults in order to execute the actions in the right sequence, that causal graph would have directive content about the causal structure of the sequence of actions to be performed. Revised on So, the explanatory correlation at the exemplar layer is with the identity of the exemplar, and not with any particular behaviour. Shona McCombes. The suppositional view says that, when the vehicle is reused offline, the same saturated condition is in play, albeit in a different mode of representing (suppose you were at x). Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. We examine how descriptive representation, formal representation, and responsiveness affect the legitimacy of political decisions: . Note: The cost of Author Services can be deducted from the Article Processing Charge (APC) upon acceptance to any IGI Global Gold Open Access (OA) journal. We can make a parallel descriptivedirective distinction within the account of UE structural correspondence (Chapter 5). Substantive representation is a type of political representation where representatives focus on the issues of a particular group. Section 7.5 briefly considers some further kinds of sophistication that arise in the case studies. My approach covers cases with multiple interacting internal components (so does not require a producer and a consumer). Ryder calls the way cell activity mirrors the sources of mutual information encountered a dynamic isomorphism. The plaid motion detection system (4.7) descriptively represents motion properties (in thick stripe V2) and chromatic properties (in thin stripe V2). noun a statement, picture in words, or account that describes; descriptive representation. 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Most of the studies on women's political empowerment employing a critical perspective focus on non-Western contexts. A tempting first thought is that representations whose tokening is caused by inputs to the system are descriptive and those that cause outputs are directive. That is their relative strength. The model discovers statistical regularities in the input, so that it ends up with individual cells that are tuned to underlying causes of statistical regularity (Ryders sources of mutual information); for example, to natural kinds. In fact, the rat navigation system too may take place cells, whose descriptive content we have already captured, and redeploy the same vehicles in a different role which gives them directive content. The system exploits the fact that they correlate tightly with the category of object presented and with which box they cause the system to place the object in. Chris Eliasmiths spiking neuron model for solving the Tower of Hanoi problem uses representations of relations amongst discs and calculates over these relations in working out which disc to move when (Eliasmith 2013, pp. The behaviour it performs relies on the correspondence holding when it calculates a route. Descriptive Research | Definition, Types, Methods & Examples I noted above that it would be a mistake to make these causal facts the basis for the distinction. The discrepancy between predicted sensory feedback and desired state is used to adjust the motor command even before any sensory feedback has had time to arrive (processing steps above and to the left of the diagonal dashed line in Figure 7.1). in the perceptual hierarchy) output information can also depend on intermediate transformations. The Meanings of Political Representation: Uses and Misuses of a Notion Directive content about a target sets off a chain of simple inferences until the system arrives at directive content that it can execute (which thereby acts as an intention or motor program). a Pluralist Approach to Secession and Federation, 'What Does a Representative Do? It can answer what, where, when and howquestions, but not why questions. Activation of an individual place cell in this process has neither descriptive nor directive content. Keeping track of satisfaction is an additional level of cognitive sophistication which, where it arises, does produce a descriptivedirective difference in the way that is usually assumed. In any event, the fact that a very general umbrella condition like O1vO2v On obtains is unlikely to explain why a particular output F is robustly produced, nor to explain why it has been stabilized. A predictive comparator model from Miall and Wolpert (1996, adapted). Descriptive research is an appropriate choice when the research aim is to identify characteristics, frequencies, trends,and categories. See also substantive representation . According to teleosemantics, a representation R has directive content C when it has the function of causing a consumer system to produce outcome C (Millikan 1984, ch. 31 March 2022. The rest of the network is allowed to adjust, in the absence of input, to reach values that would produce this target state. (There are doubtless others too.) T is set as a target, which in directive mode activates A1, then A2, and so on. (It follows that R itself has the function of producing C, by that means.) ), the people they represent. Activation of a place cell offline concerns the same condition C as when it is activated online with descriptive content (Chapter 5) or directive content (7.4 above), but it has a different overall content. Canonical teleosemantic accounts of the descriptivedirective distinction (sometimes referred to as direction of fit) appeal to the existence of a producer and a consumer of a representation (1.4), something that is not available in my framework. A data set is a collection of responses or observations from a sample or entire population. Where R has directive but not descriptive content, production of outputs figures in the explanation of task function performance, so R will tend to carry stronger correlational information about outputs and to be decoupled from any specific input. While we don't want our definition of descriptive content to automatically constitute every directive representation as also having descriptive content (as a pushmi-pullyu), we don't want to rule out that a directive representation can also acquire descriptive content, in virtue of a second functional role in plays in the system. Geometry. 2019, Available here.2. descriptive representation. We saw in 4.2a that the output correlation can nevertheless form part of an explanation of how the whole system comes to produce this outcome in a way that was stabilized and robust. Using motor programs to drive compensatory bodily movements gave us one example (7.2 above). In many areas of public administration and policy, the importance of descriptive representation or shared identity and perceived shared experience for racial and ethnic minorities is well documented. an act of describing; specifically : discourse intended to give a mental image of something experienced See the full definition Hello, Username. A simple way to keep them apart. Descriptive research is usually defined as a type of quantitative research, though qualitative research can also be used for descriptive purposes. My definition takes from teleosemantics the core idea that directive contents are outputs which a system generates and which explain why a pattern of behaviour was stabilized; and that descriptive contents are other conditions whose obtaining explains how those outputs are produced and lead to stabilization. So then the internal computations involve two directive representations: one that selects a task function to be achieved in the current context (get sugar) and another that programs the means to that end (move the right hand to (x,y,z)).1 The correlation in the former case is simply a matter of production of a task functional outcome, rather than an explanation of how the system produces that outcome. Her areas of interests include literature, language, linguistics and also food. Descriptive representation and substantive representation are two forms of representations seen in indirect democracy or representative democracy. noun uncountable politics. Introduction: The Descriptive and Substantive Representation of Women Contemporary Advances 4. Co-activation still represents the spatial relations between places, so when one place cell causes the activation of another offline, that represents that one location is near another, or that being at one location the animal could move directly to the other. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Representation (Politics). Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Dec. 2019, Available here. First off, highly disjunctive properties are generally poor candidates to figure in nomological generalizations, hence in exploitable correlational information. The main difference between descriptive and substantive representation is that in descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent, whereas, in substantive representation, representatives focus on the issues of a particular group. There are several other kinds of sophistication which, while going along with a descriptivedirective difference, are not constitutive of it. It is efficient and empowers people, giving them the opportunity to select representatives who can make their voices heard by the national government. So as to observe to what extent the binary of Western vs. non-Western is transgressed in distinct socio-political contexts, this study employs the conceptual framework created by the narratives and experiences of women in local politics in Turkey to read the experiences of women in local politics in the US. Representative democracy has both advantages and disadvantages. The distinction drawn here has plausible consequences when applied to the case studies based on UE information and UE structural correspondence in previous chapters. the majority colour is red or the majority direction is left), but since there are other components of the mechanism correlating more tightly with colour, motion, and choice context, the fact that this internal component correlates with this further disjunctive condition offers no additional explanatory purchase. Directive Content (based on UE structural correspondence). That is not generally true in our case studies, but we did see two examples where it does arise: when place cells are used to guide action; and when the SINBAD network is used both to represent what is the case and to direct behaviour. We saw something similar with descriptive representations where the level of activation represented the probability that a particular world state obtains (4.8).
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