Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Albrecht K, et al. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. 2021;73(7):97582. Factors influencing patient decision-making concerning treatment escalation in Raynauds phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis. The OAI is a multi-center longitudinal study that collected data over four years from a total of 4796 adults (45 to 79years of age) with or at risk of clinically significant knee osteoarthritis. Opioid use among medicare beneficiaries with knee osteoarthritis: prevalence and correlates of chronic use. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(2):15965. I suggest you review previous literature on this decision if you want to do what editors and reviewers find acceptable. Rogers JL, et al. Analysis by categorizing or dichotomizing continuous variables is inadvisable: an example from the natural history of unruptured aneurysms. Quantile regression proved useful as a complementary analytical strategy by making it possible to identify effects present in specific parts of the distribution. CAS The phenotype of axial spondyloarthritis: is it dependent on HLA-B27 status? Family history of rheumatic, autoimmune, and nonautoimmune diseases and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Psychosocial burden predicts sustained remission in early rheumatoid arthritis: unraveling the complex interplay of well-being and disease activity. OAI data is openly available to researchers for scientific and educational purposes. Soares DA, Barreto SM. The impact of living through COVID19 pandemic on mental health, food Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Association of low muscle density with deteriorations in muscle strength and physical functioning in rheumatoid arthritis. Rumsey DG, et al. Table S5. & Sainsbury, A. Kim M-J, Son K-H, Park H-Y, Choi D-J, Yoon C-H, Lee H-Y, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Usually we think of this type of data as a special form of categorical data called "ordinal", that is, ordered-categorical. Weight cycling was defined based on BMI fluctuation. Patterns and correlates of self-management strategies for osteoarthritis-related pain among older non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White adults. Factors associated with overweight: are the conclusions influenced by choice of the regression method?. Categorisation of continuous risk factors in epidemiological publications: a survey of current practice. Willingness to undergo joint surgery following a first-line intervention for osteoarthritis: data from the better management of people with osteoarthritis register. Distributions of participants by percentage change in body mass index (BMI) from baseline. Holmqvist M, et al. The kind of variable defines the test to be used to degree the variables. 2021;73(3):37485. [2]. Whats the actual consequence, in other words. For BMI and COVID-19 outcomes at least, the answer appears to be negative. Rev Saude Publica. Article All analyses were performed using R 3.1.2 (R Development Core Team [25]). We aimed to show how this practice may alter results from observational studies in rheumatology. 2021;73(1):1829. On the horizontal axes are the BMI distribution percentiles; the vertical axes show the values of the coefficients estimated. In contrast, they were found in both directions when percentage change in BMI was left as a continuous variable. 2kg baby vs 4kg baby not the case with Apgar 5 vs Apgar 10) and b) you can get any number from a continuous variable (like 2.456kg, unlike Apgar 3, 4, 5 ), You need to work out the difference because it dictates what statistical tests you should be thinking about using mostly , (ps Some statisticians call categorical data qualitative and continuous data quantitative just to add an extra layer of confusion), (pps I initially thought it was@TessaRDavis who triggered these thoughts. 2021;73(3):41522. [2], we did not exclude participants who showed a modest change in BMI (35%); and we defined the stable BMI category (which was the reference category) as those individuals who exhibited a change in BMI of less than 5%, whereas it was defined by Joseph et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Continuous variables are numeric variables which have a limiteless number of values between any two values. Eder L, et al. Fan L, et al. 2022;74(1):12630. Wyndow N, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity and associated factors, Brazil, 2006. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Significant decline in the incidence of Behets disease in South Korea: a nationwide population-based study (20042017). Yoshida K, et al. Continuous vs. Categorical. Categorization of continuous predictor variables can be useful in rheumatology research when there is strong prior knowledge or established cut-offs for a particular variable, such as disease activity scores, categorization of antibody titers (anti-citrullinated protein antibody, ACPA positive/negative), or achieving remission or not (yes/no). 2021;73(5):7026. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Specific variable suggests using a t-test to measure the difference among organization means. BMC Public Health. Tu L, et al. Carlesso LC, et al. 2021;73(11):156876. There are recognized cutoffs for underweight, normal, overweight, obese. Barbhaiya M, et al. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. for each additional BMI unit when BMI was considered a continuous variable. Functional ability and health-related quality of life in randomized controlled trials of tocilizumab in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatol Adv Pract. Theyre defaulting to the position that the controls should be having better COVID-19 outcomes, either because they believe in collider bias, or because theyre p-hacking. The authors treated the percentage change in BMI as a categorical variable. Altman DG. Jetha A, Johnson SR, Gignac MAM. Murphy SL, et al. For the intermediate profile, however, the values were similar. Salis, Z., Gallego, B. Owen SV, Froman RD. 2021;73(2):199206. Of the 3378 participants in this cohort, there were 469 (13.9%) that had a decrease in BMI of 5% or more, 2223 (65.8%) that had a stable BMI (change of less than 5%), and 686 (20.3%) that had an increase in BMI of 5% or more. Salis Z, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(6):90917. All BMJ blog posts are posted under a CC-BY-NC licence. When used with individuals, weight classification is only one component of a more comprehensive health assessment needed to clarify health risk. 2021;73(1):7889. Recent studies using the quantile regression method have demonstrated that important risk factors, such as lack of schooling, inappropriate diet, physical inactivity and family history of obesity, influence eutrophic and obese individuals differently. Is nominal, ordinal, & binary for quantitative data, qualitative data, or both? 2021;73(3):34754. This interval-level BMI data can be collapsed into ordinal categories inclusive of obese, overweight, and underweight, or it is decreased to nominal-level different types which includes overweight and now not overweight. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). In that respect, the results showed that the variable years worked at night was significant in the quantile model for the 0.75 quantile, but not in the binary and multinomial logistic models, suggesting that information loss resulting from categorisation of the response variable in the latter two models made it impossible to observe an association that exists only in the upper part of the distribution. From the continuous analyses in this study, we would conclude a beneficial association between a decrease in BMI and a harmful association of an increase in BMI for structural changes and pain in knee osteoarthritis over four years, as the effect of percentage change in BMI was shown in both directions (decrease and increase). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Common functional ability score for young people with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. 2021;73(6):8937. de Jess GR, et al. In contrast, it was associated with both a decrease and an increase in BMI in the continuous analysis (Table 2). In the first analysis (categorical analysis), percentage change in BMI was categorized as 5% decrease in BMI, <5% change in BMI, and 5% increase in BMI, while in the second analysis (continuous analysis), it was left as a continuous variable. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Third party data are available upon request to coordinators of the study Rosane Hrter Griep (rohgriep@ioc.fiocruz.br). Google Scholar. Commun Stat Theory Methods. Singh JA, Cleveland JD. 2022;74(2):24350. A woman tends to have more body fat than a man with the same BMI . 2021;73(6):8107. 2022;6(2):rkac046. Community-level determinants of obesity: harnessing the power of electronic health records for retrospective data analysis. We used data from the OAI study [242]. Is the Lorentz force a force of constraint? Juvanhol, L.L., Lana, R.M., Cabrelli, R. et al. Foot orthoses and footwear for the management of patellofemoral osteoarthritis: a pilot randomized trial. The analyses indicate better fit from the gamma model than the linear regression, especially given the characteristics of the distribution of the response variable, BMI. 2021;73(7):9907. regression - BMI Continuous or categorical? - Cross Validated Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2006;332(7549):1080. George MD, et al. Real-world outcomes associated with methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine triple therapy versus tumor necrosis factor inhibitor/methotrexate combination therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Pedersini P, et al. It only takes a minute to sign up. Splines and polynomials have meaningful advantages for handling continuous variables, compared to dichotomization and categorical bins. Maternal hypertensive disorders in pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus and future cardiovascular outcomes. Categorising your data will lead to massive data loss. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Flowers P, et al. codes for grouping a continuous variable to a categorical variable Identifying long-term trajectories of foot pain severity and potential prognostic factors: a population-based cohort study. The agreement observed between the logistic (binary and multinomial) models and the quantile model for the 0.75 quantile stems from the fact that these models rest on similar bases. Adherence to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet and hyperuricemia: a cross-sectional study. Hirsch JK, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Part of The explanatory variables considered were age, marital status, race/colour, mothers schooling, domestic overload, years worked at night, consumption of fried food, physical inactivity, self-rated health and BMI at age 20years. Jetha A, et al. Understanding fatigue-related disability in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: the importance of daily correlates. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Common methodological issues and suggested solutions in bone research. Eitner A, et al. Trials. In epidemiological research in osteoarthritis and other rheumatic diseases, it is common practice to categorize a continuous variable that is a predictor of an outcome (the predictor variable), as evident in studies published in the past two years (2020 to 2022 [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]). Graphs were plotted by estimating coefficients for regular 5-quantile intervals, from the 5th to the 95th quantile. 2021;73(1):117. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). From their results, they suggested that while a decrease of 5% or more in BMI may protect against overall structural changes in the knee (as assessed by radiography) and may decrease pain in the knee over four years, an increase of 5% or more in BMI may exacerbate medial joint space narrowing (JSN) in the knee and the development of pain in the knee over four years [2]. Reliability, validity, responsiveness, and minimum important change of the stair climb test in adults with hip and knee osteoarthritis. As the focus of the article was to compare models on the basis of the same data set, limitations relating to data acquisition and treatment do not affect the conclusions. Katz P, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Randomized controlled trial of patient education tools for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Health Risk Classification According to Body Mass Index (BMI) Classification BMI Category (kg/m 2) Risk of developing health problems; Underweight < 18.5: Increased: Normal Weight: 18.5 - 24.9: Least: Overweight: 25.0 - 29.9: Increased: Obese class I: 30.0 - 34.9: High: Obese class II: 35.0 - 39.9: Very high: Obese class III >= 40.0: Extremely high 1997;40(4):72833. Snapinn SM, Jiang Q. Responder analyses and the assessment of a clinically relevant treatment effect. Making decisions about stopping medicines for well-controlled juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a mixed-methods study of patients and caregivers. BMC Med Res Methodol. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Six of these eight outcomes were positively associated with the percentage change in BMI (i.e., both increase and decrease in BMI) when BMI was treated as a continuous variable. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2014 [http://www.R-project.org/]. In our primary analyses (where we investigated the association between the percent change in BMI and 26 outcomes from the outcome variable domains of structure and pain in knee and hip osteoarthritis), the estimates were calculated using a 5% change in BMI in the categorical and continuous analyses. Cross Validated is a question and answer site for people interested in statistics, machine learning, data analysis, data mining, and data visualization. 2013;65(1):3443. Stat Med. Comput Intell Neurosci. Exploring the associations among occupational balance and health of adults with and without inflammatory arthritis. Mehta B, et al. 2021;73(10):14708. 2021;73(4):52030. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Defining pain that does not interfere with activities among rheumatoid arthritis patients. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a person's weight in kilograms (or pounds) divided by the square of height in meters (or feet). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Vol. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;75:801807. Impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on the risk of newly diagnosed hip fracture: a general population-based study. Categorization of continuous predictor variables alters the results of analyses and could lead to different conclusions; therefore, researchers in rheumatology should avoid it. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Body mass index estimates using a categorical body weight variable: A Google Scholar. Kuntze G, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Ursin K, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and mortality among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in the general population. Continuous variables. Gupta R, et al. There is not any order linked to values on nominal variables. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Association between shift work and obesity among female nurses: Korean Nurses Survey. Variability in interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging of the pediatric sacroiliac joint. Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. 2021;75:84859. How do precise garbage collectors find roots in the stack? In the USA, is it legal for parents to take children to strip clubs? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Binary and multinomial logistic regression can be good alternatives, depending on the purpose of the study, given that categorisation of a continuous variable entails loss of information. Iragorri N, et al. Time is (usually) a continual interval variable, so quantitative. For a quick determination of BMI (kg/m2), use a straightedge to help locate the point on the chart where height (in or cm) and weight (lb or kg) intersect. The models evaluated returned similar results for the explanatory variables significantly associated with BMI in both its continuous and categorical forms, even though the magnitude of the associations did vary among the models. Multidimensional health assessment questionnaire as an effective tool to screen for depression in routine rheumatology care. Types of Variables Biostatistics College of Public Health and Addressing health literacy needs in rheumatology: which patient health literacy profiles need the attention of health professionals? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Epidemiological research can suggest potential risk factors and strategies to prevent, delay or reverse osteoarthritis and other rheumatic diseases. Pharm Stat. Factors associated with overweight in the literature [6, 1618] were tested by bivariate analysis with BMI as response variable (Pearson Linear Correlation for continuous variables and t-test and ANOVA for variables with two or more categories, respectively). 2021;73(7):96474. Table S6. Arthritis Rheum. 2021;73(12):178995. 2021;73(10):14619. Escola Nacional de Sade Pblica, Fundao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Leidjaira Lopes Juvanhol,Raquel Martins Lana&Renata Cabrelli, Programa de Computao Cientfica, Fundao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, Leonardo Soares Bastos&Aline Arajo Nobre, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, You can also search for this author in StatsMiniBlog: Continuous vs. Categorical. Unfortunately, it gets a little more complicated. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65(1):1522. Austin K, et al. Neuro-Oncol Pract. Risk for type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension. Immunomodulatory medication use in newly diagnosed youth with systemic lupus erythematosus. Google Scholar. Cite this article. Hegarty RSM, et al. is a different importance in a protracted continuous timeline. 2021;73(5):6339. Osteoporos Sarcopenia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Background: In patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), poor antidepressant treatment response might be associated with an excessive body mass index (BMI). Rheumatology. 2013;13:1204. Participation in informal caregiving among people with arthritis: findings from a Canadian longitudinal study on aging. In both analyses (categorical and continuous), we used generalized estimating equations with a logistic link function to investigate the association between the percentage change in BMI and the outcomes. Ende CVD, Twisk JWR, Monyeki KD. A qualitative or express variable is a variable that does not have a numeric importance yet is classed into categories. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):3601. (LogOut/ Yen EY, Singh DR, Singh RR. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). And am I wrong about the age thing? Associations between smoking and systemic lupus erythematosus-related cytokines and chemokines among US female nurses. One can easily imagine problems with self-reported weight scores. Beyerlein A. Quantile regression-opportunities and challenges from a users perspective. 2021;73(7):9839. 2005;52(6):163741. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Difference between program and application. Patient-reported impact of axial spondyloarthritis on working life: results from the European map of axial spondyloarthritis survey. Buldt AK, et al. A confounder is a third variable that is associated with both the continuous outcome and the categorical predictor. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). . Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Years worked at night was also associated with BMI in these three models only. Dashed lines, representing the Body Mass Index, are displayed on the graph as calculated by the formula of weight (in kilograms) divided by height squared (in metres). The STATA code can be obtained from the authors upon request. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). For our eight outcomes for the progression of hip osteoarthritis, we also separately investigated the overall structure of the hip joint, and the following seven ISFs of the hip joint: 1) JSN in the medial or lateral compartment; 2) JSN in the medial compartment; 3) JSN in the lateral compartment; 4) osteophytes on the superior acetabular surface; 5) osteophytes on the superior inferior surface; 6) osteophytes on the superior femoral surface; and 7) osteophytes on the inferior femoral surface. Impact of disease activity on physical activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis. However, to remain consistent with literature about quantile regression, the word effect is used here to indicate association, not causation. To determine WC, the measurer should stand beside the individual. 2021;73(11):1597605. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Lancet. Examining the association of knee pain with modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors. Differences in capacity of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol efflux between patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. The local institutional review boards of the OAI study centers reviewed and approved the ethics approval and any experimental protocols. Your US state privacy rights, Magnusson K, et al. PubMed Ustekinumab for the treatment of giant cell arteritis. 1). Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Body mass index and survival from amyotrophic lateral - PubMed Similar results were observed in the models where the dependent variable BMI was considered in its categorical form (Table3). Terms and Conditions, Ultrasound-guided biopsy of suspected salivary gland lymphoma in Sjgrens syndrome. Altman DG, Royston P. The cost of dichotomising continuous variables. [8], who recommend, when using the linear model, to transform the variable BMI, but that procedure makes results harder to interpret. 2021;73(1):13845. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). BMI was examined as a continuous and a categorical variable in which case BMI was stratified into non-obese (<30 kg/m 2) or obese (30 kg/m 2). Jason1 May 31, 2020, 1:20pm #1. Horton DB, et al. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Unique serum immune phenotypes and stratification of Oklahoma native American rheumatic disease patients. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. 2021;73(8):12019. 2021;73(10):144450. Outcomes showed associations with percentage change in BMI in the categorical analysis but not in the continuous analysis (possible false positive). Predictors of smoking cessation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in two cohorts: most predictive health care factors. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). For the continuous analysis, we treated the percentage change in BMI between baseline and four years as the continuous variable that it is. Mortality among patients with polymyalgia rheumatica: a retrospective cohort study. 2021;73(7):9981003. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(11):162837. 2021;73(9):136371. Create 4 binary variables for each BMI category of interest (underweight, normal, overweight, obese) Create one categorical variable with underweight being -1, normal 0 . To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Nguyen TV. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;380:222460. 2014;13:69. Age is, technically, non-stop and ratio.
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