The pollen tube is guided by the chemicals secreted by the synergids present in the embryo sac; it enters the ovule sac through the micropyle. Pollination takes two forms: self-pollination and cross-pollination. Many mature seeds enter a period of inactivity, or extremely low metabolic activity: a process known as dormancy, which may last for months, years or even centuries. However, a significant amount of foreign tissue still separates pollen grains sticking to the sticky stigma from the egg cell which holds the second parents genes. Fruits generally have three parts: the exocarp (the outermost skin or covering), the mesocarp (middle part of the fruit), and the endocarp (the inner part of the fruit). Therefore, the scutellum can be seen to be an absorptive organ, not a storage organ. Pollination takes two forms: self-pollination and cross-pollination. Self-pollination occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower, or another flower on the same plant. Butterflies, such as the monarch, pollinate many garden flowers and wildflowers, which usually occur in clusters. Butterflies, such as the monarch, pollinate many garden flowers and wildflowers, which usually occur in clusters. During germination, the two cotyledons therefore act as absorptive organs to take up the enzymatically released food reserves, much like in monocots (monocots, by definition, also have endospermic seeds). The process makes new This method of pollination does not require an investment from the plant to provide nectar and pollen as food for pollinators. Favorable conditions could be as diverse as moisture, light, cold, fire, or chemical treatments. Self-pollination occurs in flowers where the stamen and carpel mature at the same time, and are positioned so that the pollen can land on the flowers stigma. (credit a: modification of work by Rosendahl/Flickr; credit b: modification of work by Shine Oa; credit c: modification of work by Paolo Neo), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Describe what must occur for plant fertilization, Explain cross-pollination and the ways in which it takes place, Describe the process that leads to the development of a seed. Many flowers will remain unpollinated and not bear seed if honeybees disappear. Pollen tubes have to grow through the tissue of the stigma and style before they can enter the ovule. Cellular bioenergetics involved in cellular growth is at the foundation of all developmental activities. The flowers have a strong, fruity, or musky fragrance and produce large amounts of nectar. Wasps are also important insect pollinators, and pollinate many species of figs. Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different individual of the same species. This guarantees that seeds produced by plants in temperate climates will not germinate until the spring. In wind-pollinated species, the microsporangia hang out of the flower, and, as the wind blows, the lightweight pollen is carried with it (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)). After the pollen lands on the stigma, the tube cell gives rise to the pollen tube, through which the generative nucleus migrates. Similarly, willow and silver birches produce lightweight fruit that can float on water. Some weeds, such as Australian sea grass and pond weeds, are pollinated by water. The pollen floats on water, and when it comes into contact with the flower, it is deposited inside the flower. What is pollination? Reproduction - KS3 Biology - BBC Fertilization is usually complete within 23 days of pollination. Upon a return to favorable conditions, seed germination takes place. Living species are designed to ensure survival of their progeny; those that fail become extinct. The pollen tube gains entry through the micropyle on the ovule sac. The division of the basal cell gives rise to the suspensor, which eventually makes connection with the maternal tissue. In gymnosperms, pollination involves pollen transfer from the male cone to the Ultimately, the embryo and cotyledons fill the seed, at which point, the seed is ready for dispersal. These flowers are brightly colored, have a strong fragrance, are open during the day, and have nectar guides to make access to nectar easier. Pollination and Fertilization | Boundless Biology | | Course Hero The flowers pollinated by moths are pale or white and are flat, enabling the moths to land. Depending on seed size, the time taken for a seedling to emerge may vary. The suspensor provides a route for nutrition to be transported from the mother plant to the growing embryo. The nectar provides energy, whereas the pollen provides protein. If the fruit develops from a single carpel or fused carpels of a single ovary, it is known as a simple fruit, as seen in nuts and beans. Together, all three are known as the pericarp. The microspores, or the pollen, contain two cells: the pollen tube cell and the generative cell. An example is the pineapple, where the flowers fuse together to form the fruit. the root) emerge from the base of the stem. In most cases, flowers in which fertilization has taken place will develop into fruits, and flowers in which fertilization has not taken place will not. Depending on seed size, the time taken for a seedling to emerge may vary. Both monocots and dicots have an endosperm. Incompatibility Genes in FlowersIn recent decades, incompatibility geneswhich prevent pollen from germinating or growing into the stigma of a flowerhave been discovered in many angiosperm species. In summary, self-incompatibility is a mechanism that prevents self-fertilization in many flowering plant species. Unlike the typical insect-pollinated flowers, flowers adapted to pollination by wind do not produce nectar or scent. Seeds of small-seeded species usually require light as a germination cue. The carpel is selective in the type of pollen it allows to grow inside. As it travels through the style to reach the embryo sac, the pollen tubes growth is supported by the tissues of the style. They are found on the corpse flower or voodoo lily (Amorphophallus), dragon arum (Dracunculus), and carrion flower (Stapleia, Rafflesia). It ensures self pollination and prevents cross pollination. The fertilized ovule forms the seed, whereas the tissues of the ovary become the fruit, usually enveloping the seed. After heavy rains, many new seedlings emerge. The pollen is deposited on the exposed feathery stigma of the flower (Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\)). WebAdaptations of orchids to pollination by animals. Many seeds enter a period of inactivity or extremely low metabolic activity, a process known as dormancy. a Madagascar orchid, Angraecum sesquipedale, with a nectar receptacle The walls of the ovary form the fruit in which the seeds develop. Some fruitsfor example, the dandelionhave hairy, weightless structures that are suited to dispersal by wind. WebPollination and fertilisation. Scarification, which includes mechanical or chemical processes to soften the seed coat, is often employed before germination. Upon transfer, the pollen germinates to form the pollen tube and the sperm for fertilizing the egg. They grow in a range of specific habitats, mainly in the tropics of Asia, South America, and Central America. However, some species of orchid are an exception to this standard: they have evolved different ways to attract the desired pollinators. The interaction is primarily between the pollen and the stigma epidermal cells. Together, these two fertilization events in angiosperms are known as double fertilization. WebAutogamy, or self-fertilization, refers to the fusion of two gametes that come from one individual. At the other end of the embryonic axis, the primary root soon dies, while other, adventitious roots (roots that do not arise from the usual place i.e. The pollen tube cell grows into a pollen tube through which the generative cell travels. Other plant species are pollinated by abiotic agents, such as wind and water. Ultimately, the embryo and cotyledons fill the seed ([link]d), and the seed is ready for dispersal. Fruits can be dry or fleshy. The pollen of orchids is grouped in compact masses called pollinia (singular: "pollinium"), so that by itself or by Pollination by DeceptionOrchids are highly valued flowers, with many rare varieties ([link]). The ________ is the outermost covering of a fruit. They visit flowers that are open during the day, are brightly colored, have a strong aroma or scent, and have a tubular shape, typically with the presence of a nectar guide. In dicots (eudicots), the developing embryo has a heart shape, due to the presence of the two rudimentary cotyledons (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)b). WebFertilization of the egg nucleus initiates embryo development, whereas fusion with the polar nuclei induces endosperm differentiation. Humans also play a big role in dispersing seeds when they carry fruits to new places and throw away the inedible part that contains the seeds. The fertilized ovule gives rise to the ________. The impact on commercial fruit growers could be devastating. Upon exposure to light, the hypocotyl hook straightens out, the young foliage leaves face the sun and expand, and the epicotyl continues to elongate. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Parts of a Fertilization occurs when the pollen grains that have reached the pollen tube fertilize the nucleus in the ovule, resulting in the formation of a zygote that will eventually form an embryo to a seed. The flowers pollinated by moths are pale or white and are flat, enabling the moths to land. The most common species of bees are bumblebees and honeybees. Pollen tube death is due either to apoptosis (programmed cell death) or to degradation of pollen tube RNA. Some fruit have built-in mechanisms so they can disperse by themselves, whereas others require the help of agents like wind, water, and animals (Figure \(\PageIndex{12}\)). Bees are perhaps the most important pollinator of many garden plants and most commercial fruit trees (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). The developing seedling will rely on the food reserves stored in the cotyledons until the first set of leaves begin photosynthesis. [link] What is the function of the cotyledon? Multiple fruit develops from an inflorescence or a cluster of flowers. Fertilization In non-endospermic dicots, such as Capsella bursa, the endosperm develops initially, but is then digested, and the food reserves are moved into the two cotyledons. Living species are designed to ensure survival of their progeny; those that fail become extinct. Pollination The two cotyledons in the dicot seed also have vascular connections to the embryo. Cleistogamy has been reported in some varieties of wheat, barley, Many mature seeds enter a period of inactivity, or extremely low metabolic activity: a process known as dormancy, which may last for months, years or even centuries. Autogamy The fruit has a single purpose: seed dispersal. After heavy rains, many new seedlings emerge. The flowers usually emerge early in the spring, before the leaves, so that the leaves do not block the movement of the wind. After fertilization, the ovary of the flower usually develops into the fruit. The shape of the flower and moth have adapted in such a way as to In angiosperms, pollination is defined as the placement or transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or another flower. { "32.0:_Prelude_to_Plant_Reproduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.1:_Reproductive_Development_and_Structure" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.2:_Pollination_and_Fertilization" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.3:_Asexual_Reproduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.E:_Plant_Reproduction_(Exercises)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "30:_Plant_Form_and_Physiology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "31:_Soil_and_Plant_Nutrition" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32:_Plant_Reproduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "authorname:openstax", "cotyledon", "pollination", "accessory fruit", "aggregate fruit", "aleurone", "coleoptile", "coleorhiza", "cross-pollination", "dormancy", "double fertilization", "endocarp", "endosperm", "endospermic dicot", "exocarp", "epicotyl", "gravitropism", "hypocotyl", "mesocarp", "multiple fruit", "nectar guide", "non-endospermic dicot", "pericarp", "plumule", "radicle", "scarification", "scutellum", "self-pollination", "simple fruit", "suspensor", "tegmen", "testa", "vernalization", "incompatibility genes", "showtoc:no", "license:ccby", "licenseversion:40", "program:openstax" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_and_General_Biology%2FGeneral_Biology_1e_(OpenStax)%2F6%253A_Plant_Structure_and_Function%2F32%253A_Plant_Reproduction%2F32.2%253A_Pollination_and_Fertilization, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 32.1: Reproductive Development and Structure, http://passel.unl.edu/pages/animatioerbreeding.swf, Describe what must occur for plant fertilization, Explain cross-pollination and the ways in which it takes place, Describe the process that leads to the development of a seed. Web32.2: Pollination and Fertilization. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and pepper (Capsicum annuum) are examples of endospermic dicots. Fruits are of many types, depending on their origin and texture. Gymnosperm pollination involves the transfer of pollen from a male cone to a female cone. The division of the basal cell gives rise to the suspensor, which eventually makes connection with the maternal tissue. Pollination and Fertilization Biology - UH Pressbooks In many fruits, two or all three of the layers are fused, and are indistinguishable at maturity. Upon germination in dicot seeds, the epicotyl is shaped like a hook with the plumule pointing downwards. In yet other species, the male and female flowers are borne on different plants (dioecious). 32.9: Pollination and Fertilization - Biology LibreTexts The suspensor provides a route for nutrition to be transported from the mother plant to the growing embryo. In the second stage of embryonic development (in eudicots), the developing embryo has a heart shape due to the presence of cotyledons. Cross-pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from one flower to another flower on the same plant, or another plant. During this time, the radicle is also growing and producing the primary root. The storage of food reserves in angiosperm seeds differs between monocots and dicots. People also contribute to seed dispersal when they carry fruits to new places. The embryonic axis consists of three parts: the plumule, the radicle, and the hypocotyl. Insects easily cross-pollinate while seeking the nectar at the bottom of the pollen tube. Upon germination, enzymes are secreted by the aleurone, a single layer of cells just inside the seed coat that surrounds the endosperm and embryo. Fruits generally have three parts: the exocarp (the outermost skin or covering), the mesocarp (middle part of the fruit), and the endocarp (the inner part of the fruit). Of the two sperm cells, one sperm fertilizes the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote; the other sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell that develops into the endosperm. This phenomenon is also known as heterostyly. As the bats seek the nectar, their faces and heads become covered with pollen, which is then transferred to the next flower. The enzymes degrade the stored carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, the products of which are absorbed by the scutellum and transported via a vasculature strand to the developing embryo. Pollination and Fertilization Of the two sperm cells, one sperm fertilizes the egg cell, forming a diploid zygote; the other sperm fuses with the two polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell that develops into the endosperm. The two halves of a peanut seed (Arachis hypogaea) and the split peas (Pisum sativum) of split pea soup are individual cotyledons loaded with food reserves. In monocots, such as corn and wheat, the single cotyledon is called a scutellum; the scutellum is connected directly to the embryo via vascular tissue (xylem and phloem). Pollination is the prerequisite of The pollen sticks to the bees fuzzy hair, and when the bee visits another flower, some of the pollen is transferred to the second flower. WebFilament: supports the anther. The terminal cell also divides, giving rise to a globular-shaped proembryo (Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\)a). WebCourse: Class 10 Biology (India) > Unit 3. The fruit encloses the seeds and the developing embryo, thereby providing it with protection. Self-pollination occurs when the pollen from the anther is deposited on the stigma of the same flower, or another flower on the same plant. 32: Plant Reproductive Development and Structure, { "32.01:_Plant_Reproductive_Development_and_Structure_-_Plant_Reproductive_Development_and_Structure" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.02:_Plant_Reproductive_Development_and_Structure_-_Sexual_Reproduction_in_Gymnosperms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.03:_Plant_Reproductive_Development_and_Structure_-__Sexual_Reproduction_in_Angiosperms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.04:_Pollination_and_Fertilization_-_Introduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.05:_Pollination_and_Fertilization_-_Pollination_by_Insects" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.06:_Pollination_and_Fertilization_-_Pollination_by_Bats_Birds_Wind_and_Water" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.07:_Pollination_and_Fertilization_-_Double_Fertilization_in_Plants" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.08:_Pollination_and_Fertilization_-_Development_of_the_Seed" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.09:_Pollination_and_Fertilization_-_Development_of_Fruit_and_Fruit_Types" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.10:_Pollination_and_Fertilization_-_Fruit_and_Seed_Dispersal" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.11:_Asexual_Reproduction_-_Asexual_Reproduction_in_Plants" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.12:_Asexual_Reproduction_-_Natural_and_Artificial_Methods_of_Asexual_Reproduction_in_Plants" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32.13:_Asexual_Reproduction_-_Plant_Life_Spans" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_The_Study_of_Life" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_The_Chemical_Foundation_of_Life" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Biological_Macromolecules" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Cell_Structure" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Structure_and_Function_of_Plasma_Membranes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Metabolism" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Cellular_Respiration" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Photosynthesis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Cell_Communication" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Cell_Reproduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Meiosis_and_Sexual_Reproduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Mendel\'s_Experiments_and_Heredity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Modern_Understandings_of_Inheritance" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_DNA_Structure_and_Function" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Genes_and_Proteins" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Gene_Expression" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Biotechnology_and_Genomics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18:_Evolution_and_the_Origin_of_Species" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19:_The_Evolution_of_Populations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "20:_Phylogenies_and_the_History_of_Life" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21:_Viruses" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22:_Prokaryotes-_Bacteria_and_Archaea" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23:_Protists" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "24:_Fungi" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "25:_Seedless_Plants" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "26:_Seed_Plants" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "27:_Introduction_to_Animal_Diversity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "28:_Invertebrates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "29:_Vertebrates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "30:_Plant_Form_and_Physiology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "31:_Soil_and_Plant_Nutrition" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "32:_Plant_Reproductive_Development_and_Structure" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "33:_The_Animal_Body-_Basic_Form_and_Function" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "34:_Animal_Nutrition_and_the_Digestive_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "35:_The_Nervous_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "36:_Sensory_Systems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "37:_The_Endocrine_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "38:_The_Musculoskeletal_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "39:_The_Respiratory_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "40:_The_Circulatory_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "41:_Osmotic_Regulation_and_the_Excretory_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "42:_The_Immune_System" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "43:_Animal_Reproduction_and_Development" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "44:_Ecology_and_the_Biosphere" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "45:_Population_and_Community_Ecology" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "46:_Ecosystems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "47:_Conservation_Biology_and_Biodiversity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 32.7: Pollination and Fertilization - Double Fertilization in Plants, [ "article:topic", "angiosperms", "authorname:boundless", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbysa", "columns:two", "cssprint:dense", "licenseversion:40" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_and_General_Biology%2FBook%253A_General_Biology_(Boundless)%2F32%253A_Plant_Reproductive_Development_and_Structure%2F32.07%253A_Pollination_and_Fertilization_-_Double_Fertilization_in_Plants, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 32.6: Pollination and Fertilization - Pollination by Bats, Birds, Wind, and Water, 32.8: Pollination and Fertilization - Development of the Seed, Describe the process of double fertilization in plants.
Davidson County Tn Spring Break 2023,
Tosca Certification Cost,
17 Letter Words In Alphabetical Order,
Dawson County, Texas News,
Articles E
