NT designated by Scholz, Taxon 41: 523 (1992). In addition, the waxy protein trait was found to be stably inherited. in 20 years). Cytotaxonomic studies on the two cultivated species and the wild relatives in the genus Echinochloa. G3 3, 283L295L. Aphids infection at the vegetative stage causes considerable yield reduction to E. frumentacea. 46, 144155. The incorporation of borage seed oil in barnyard millet starch increases the elongation range and decreases the tensile strength, water permeability, and moisture content properties of the starch, which makes it suitable for biofilm production. Difference in SSR Variations between Japanese Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa esculenta) and its Wild Relative E. crus-galli. J. Sci. Commun. The low level of polymorphism using RAPD markers has also been previously reported in finger millet diversity studies (Muza et al., 1995). The flour is also highly compatible to blend with other food flours for making novel or any value-added products without affecting the flavor and taste (Veena et al., 2004; Surekha et al., 2013). The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Japanese Millet Echinochloa esculenta (A. braun) H. scholz (Poaceae). Monteiro, P. V., Sudharshana, L., and Ramachandra, G. (1988). (2017). (2017). On the other hand, Babu et al. Sujatha, K., Selvarani, K., Vijayalakshmi, V., Vanniarajan, C., and Sivasubramaniam, K. (2013). Recently, InDel markers for rbcL, matK, and ITS genes identified in E. colona have been widely used as a cost effective approach in the DNA barcoding of E. colona, E. oryzicola, and E. crus-galli (Lee et al., 2014). Show Development and utilization of novel SSRs in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. In barnyard millet, grain moisture is the prime criteria playing a key role not only in storage but also in the development of processing machineries. doi: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2012.06.012. Manag. Nagaraja, A., and Mantur, S. G. (2008). (2014a). Fertile lemma and palea have three stamens varying from a white color to a dark purplish color with stigma plumose and bifid, ranging from white to dark purple (Figure 4). (2017). All these factors ultimately influence the processing of grains in the machines (Singh et al., 2010). Echinochloa species are generally considered to be a short-day plant (Muldoon, 1985) exhibiting photoperiodism and perform as per the different ranges of photoperiods from short days (813 h) to long days (16 h) (Maun and Barrett, 1986; Mitich, 1990). The most notable of these are Japanese millet (E. esculenta) in East Asia, Indian barnyard millet (E. frumentacea) in South Asia, and burgu millet (E. stagnina) in West Africa. doi: 10.1515/znc-2008-9-1022, Kim, J. Y., Chang, J. K., Park, B.-R., Han, S.-I., Choi, K.-J., Kim, S.-Y., et al. Breed. Food Sci. Aust. Biol. The study found that the germinated flour exhibited decreased bulk density and porosity (air spacing) than raw rice flour. There is also an urgent need for advancements in post-harvest technologies for better processing and value-addition in the barnyard and other minor millets. Screening of barnyard millet germplasm against shoot fly and stem borer damage under field conditions. Int. Evol. Prakash, R., and Vanniarajan, C. (2013). Resour. Agric. ; Watson, A.K. USDA Plants Database Similarly, polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques were successfully applied for species identification in E. oryzicola and E. crus-galli (Yamaguchi et al., 2005; Yasuda et al., 2006). 2, 1216. Link; syn. Colocasia esculenta *Commelina Crinum americanum *C erus alternifolius (C. Cy erus articulatus Cyperus haspan *Cyperus lecontei *Cyperus polystachyos *Cyperus odoratus *Cyperus surinamensis Cyrilla racemiflora Decodon verticillatus Diodia virginiana *Echinochloa crus-galli *Echinochloa muricatum Echinochloa walteri Eclipta prostrata (E. alba) 12, 281295. 129, 349355. Trends Biotechnol. It not only generates differential genes, but also the functional molecular markers like simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and SNPs in various minor millet species. Grain dark. (2017). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183261, Rawat, L., Nautiyal, A., Bisht, T. S., Prasad, S., Naithani, D., Makhloga, K., et al. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159437, Gomashe, S. S. (2017). Table 3. Description General : Japanese millet ( Echinochloa esculenta ) is an introduced, annual, warm-season grass that is grown primarily as forage and wildlife habitat in the United States. Barnyard millet ( Echinochloa species) is an ancient millet crop grown in warm and temperate regions of the world and widely cultivated in Asia, particularly India, China, Japan, and Korea. Genera Graminum: Grasses of the world in Kew Bulletin Additional Series XIII, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Kaya, H., Demirci, M., and Tanyolac, B. All images and text (2019). International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines, ICAR-Indian Institute of Millets Research (IIMR), India, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. Med. Besides, the flour is highly amenable for various food preparations such as baby foods, snacks, and dietary foods (Vijayakumar et al., 2009; Anju and Sarita, 2010; Surekha et al., 2013). The Go Botany project is supported However, priority should be given for the development of CMS line in barnyard millet for the better exploitation of variability as followed in foxtail millet. Denton, D. C. (1987). (2016). Food Sci. Int. Introduction. More recently, the ESTs markers also been proven to be a very informative and effective tool for the analysis of genetic diversity in many small millets. Mainly, SSR markers obtained from the cereals and millets were successfully utilized to characterize the barnyard millet germplasm. Common barnyard grass is an introduced Eurasian grass found in cultivated fields and disturbed stes throughout New England and, indeed, most of North America, where it is reviled as an agricultural weed. Similarly, physical (grain diameter, grain surface area, 1,000 grain mass, true density, dynamic angle of repose, coefficient of internal friction, and coefficient of static friction), aerodynamic (terminal velocity), and mechanical (specific deformation and rupture energy) properties are other major parameters influenced by the moisture content of the grains. Echinochloa esculenta Taxonomy ID: 121770 (for references in articles please use NCBI:txid121770) current name Echinochloa esculenta (A.Braun) H.Scholz NCBI BLAST name: monocots Rank: species Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Nat. Plant. Similarly, the IIMR, Hyderabad, evaluated the 146 barnyard millet accessions and found a larger variation for grain yield and yield contributing traits, which led to the identification of 18 promising accessions for barnyard millet breeding programs (IIMR, 2016). The high ratio of carbohydrate to crude fiber ensures the slower release of sugars in the blood, and so thus aids in maintaining blood sugar level. The polyphenols and carotenoids are known to have several potential benefits to humans, and are twofold higher in barnyard millet than finger millet (Panwar et al., 2016). Cytologia 49, 673678. The studies on the physical and mechanical properties of grains are an important criterion to design any processing instruments like dehullers, polishers, sorters, storage, and other processing machineries (Singh et al., 2010). Conserv. doi: 10.1007/s00606-013-0965-9, Kim, C. S., Alamgir, K. M., Matsumoto, S., Tebayashi, S. I., and Koh, H. S. (2008). Therefore, it is suggested that there are many chances for the application of several processing techniques to improve barnyard millet flour quality and nutritional properties, especially in the value-addition strategy of food industries. The divergence in copy number of any gene further creates the genetic polymorphism between the species, which contributes a major variation in their genome size and phenotype (Suryawanshi et al., 2016). Genet. 22 November 2019 Echinochloa esculenta Author: CABI Authors Info & Affiliations Publication: CABI Compendium https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.113987 Datasheet Type: Invasive species Abstract This datasheet on Echinochloa esculenta covers Identity, Distribution, Biology & Ecology, Further Information. Eventually, using the available literature in the published reports, we concluded that EST-derived SSR markers had higher cross-genome amplification than genomic SSR markers, indicating higher conservation of the former than the latter across the species of the grass family. Cross-genera transferability of rice and finger millet genomic SSRs to barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp.). Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa utilis. Appl. Further, molecular divergence clock analysis of grass species revealed that Echinochloa species had diverged 21.6 Mya than others. Of around 35 species (Table 1 ), two main species, E. esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz; syn. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.12012, Santra, D., Heyduck, R., Baltensperger, D., Graybosch, R., Nelson, L., Frickel, G., et al. Lower lemma equal to spikelet, shortly acuminate or shortly cuspidate, 7-nerved. Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz: Common Name: Japanese millet: Habitat: ** Associated Ecological Communities: ** Growth Habit: Graminoid: Duration: ** Category: Vascular: Plant Notes: Since E. frumentacea was misapplied to E. esculenta in New York, records that came in as E. frumentacea (or synonyms of that name) are currently placed . Hort. E. common barnyard grass. 24, 490499. J. Acad. 18:101e105. (2013). In a clinical study with human volunteers, Ugare et al. 20, 461469. Prabha, D., Negi, Y. K., and Khanna, V. K. (2012). Young shoots are eaten as a vegetable in Java. Effective as a weed-suppressing smother crop. Breed. 70, 549558. *Correspondence: Jegadeesan Ramalingam, ramalingam.j@tnau.ac.in, Development of Healthy and Nutritious Cereals: Recent Insights on Molecular Advances in Breeding, View all (2009). PLoS One 11:e0159437. Rep. 9:5020. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41602-6. Mitich, L. W. (1990). Echinochloa esculenta is an annual grasslike herb that is not native to California. Genetic enhancement and breeding strategies in small millets, in Proceedings of the National Seminar on Small Millets: Current Research Trends and Future Priorities as Food Feed and in Processing for Value Addition, Bangalore, 2324. During this period, Indian barnyard millet accessions were also introduced in the United States, Canada, and Australia for feed and forage purposes (Gomashe, 2017). With respect to genetic resources, the size of the core collection in barnyard millet is comparatively less than that of other minor millets (foxtail and finger millet) and so far, breeding populations have not been developed. Curr. Food security and climate change: role of plant genetic resources of minor millets. 56, 883889. Rural Development Administration of South Korean government discovered barnyard grass effectively lowers blood sugar and cholesterol when consumed, according to Yonhap. (2017). Murukarthick et al. L&H Seeds - Pacific Northwest Native Seed Technique for Artificial Hybridization of Foxtail Millet [(L.) Beauv.]. (2016) suggested the use of an aqueous extract from aerial parts of E. colona plant in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a new eco-friendly approach in bio-synthesizing nanoparticle in plants. Sci. doi: 10.1007/s11033-014-3400-6, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Babu, B. K., Agrawal, P., Pandey, D., and Kumar, A. Its wild ancestor is the tropical grass Echinochloa colona,[3] but the exact date or region of domestication is uncertain. Microbiol. Screening barnyard millet germplasm against grain smut (Ustilago panici-frumentacei Brefeld). [citation needed], Japanese barnyard millet was domesticated from Echinochloa crus-galli. Echinochloa crus-galli var. That part of the process took one to two thousand years, occurring in Japan. Extensive transcriptomics and annotation studies previously performed on herbicide resistant varieties of E. crus-galli resulted in 74 ESTs (Li et al., 2013b; Yang et al., 2013). Barnyard millet global core collection evaluation in the sub mountain Himalayan region of India using multivariate analysis. Due to the non-availability of whole genome sequencing in barnyard millet, the genomes of rice, maize, finger millet, and foxtail millet have served as essential models to study the marker-based syntenic relationships. Technol. Over the past decades, very limited attempts have been made to study the features of this crop. doi: 10.1016/j.cj.2015.07.005. Synonyms. Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz - Japanese millet P: Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz Japanese millet. This review discusses the origin and taxonomy, nutritional value and health benefits, stress adaptation as well as the current status of genetic and genomics research in barnyard millet. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Japanese Millet Echinochloa [8], Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta syn. However, some uniquely expressing proteins were also identified in the Echinochloa species. Mapping QTLs for morpho-agronomic traits in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). It is also well known for its excellent nitrogen-use efficiency over cereal crops (Goron and Raizada, 2015) and has been recommended as a natural phyto-extractor in heavy metal (lead, cadmium, and chromium) contaminated soils and sodic soils due to hyper accumulation nature. (Yang et al., 2013). It contains a rich source of protein, carbohydrates, fiber, and, most notably, micronutrients like iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) (Singh et al., 2010; Saleh et al., 2013; Chandel et al., 2014) that are related to numerous health benefits (Saleh et al., 2013; Ugare et al., 2014). Pakistan. Small millets, in Nucleus and Breeder Seed Production Manual, eds S. K. Chowdhury and S. K. Lal, (New Delhi: Indian Agricultural Research Institute), 5467. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05638, Nirgude, M., Babu, B. K., Shambhavi, Y., Singh, U. M., Upadhyaya, H. D., and Kumar, A. Beauv.]. 14:50. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-50. 8, 12211226. Characterization of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) This peptide has a unique disulfide stabilized -helical hairpin structure that intensively binds to the surface of fungal conidia, accumulates in the cytoplasm, and finally inhibits the elongation of hyphae without lysis of the cytoplasmic membrane (Nolde et al., 2011). The further validation of eight SSRs in four E. phyllopogon population resulted in 66 alleles with an average of 3.14.8 alleles from locus per population. (2013). The interspecific hybrids between wild species and its progenitor, i.e., E. crus-galli E. esculenta and E. colona E. frumentacea produce normal meiotic division (27 bivalents) i.e., fertile. Food Sci. DOCX Japanese Millet (Echinochloa esculenta) Plant Guide - USDA Plants Database Later, several varieties were released against various pests and diseases across India through pureline selection from local landraces or exotic germplasm accessions. Wallace, G. J., Upadhyaya, H., Vetriventhan, M., Buckler, E., Hash Charles, J., and Ramu, P. (2015). Electron. Besides, the phylogenetic analysis also revealed that the waxy gene sequences are highly conserved among grass species. J. Echinochloa crus-galli The use of molecular markers such as SSRs and SNPs provide opportunities for breeders to identify the QTL/gene(s) for important micronutrient and agronomical traits in barnyard millet. It helps to identify important genes and pathways related to economically important traits in crops. Generation and Characterization of a Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) Mutant Library. Plant Breed. Out of 4710 putative SSR markers, 78 were potentially polymorphic. (2012). B. Crop Prot. Res. It is cultivated on marginal lands where rice and other crops will not grow well. Mysore J. Agric. Globally, more than 8000 accessions of barnyard millet have been assembled and conserved. (2009). Table 5. (2015). These resources will be useful to track the genomic regions associated with targeted traits by the linkage-based QTL mapping, genome-wide association study (GWAS), and genomic selection (GS), as well as for the detection of candidate genes. Yabuno, T. (1966). This work was supported by the Centre of Excellence Post Doctoral program, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University to VR. Sharma, A., Sood, S., Agrawal, P. K., Kant, L., Bhatt, J. C., and Pattanayak, A. The major source of introduction was from Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Ghana, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Malawi, the Philippines, Russian Federation, South Africa, Spain, United States of America, and Yugoslavia. 2. Plant Syst. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Paspalum notatum Flgg (Poaceae). Similarly, Echinochloa species are also the preferable choice of farmers for cultivation in various adverse environments such as those prone to drought or flooding. Range Manag. Link) germplasm over environment. Echinochloa is a very widespread genus of plants in the grass family and tribe Paniceae. Echinochloa muricata var. microstachya - University of California, Berkeley A haplotype map of genomic variations and genome-wide association studies of agronomic traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Bai, H., Cao, Y., Quan, J., Dong, L., Li, Z., Zhu, Y., et al. PDF Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Guide - USDA Plants Database It has a wide adaptation capacity and grow up to a height of 2000 m during summer season. Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta), formerly known as E. utilis, is an annual, warm-season grass native to eastern Asia.It is grown primarily as forage and cultivated mostly in the temperate regions of Japan, Korea, China, Russia, and Germany (De Wet et al. Echinochloa esculenta Synonyms - Echinochloa utilis Order - Poales Family - Poaceae Names: Echinochloa is from the Greek echinos meaning hedge hog and chloe meaning grass and refers to the bristly seed head. Furthermore, barnyard millet is well adapted to both warm and temperate regions and it is a rich source of genes responsible for stress tolerance. Agric. Clayton, W. D., and Renvoize, S. A. The genomic libraries range between2 160 bp and 20 Kb with a total number of contigs of 4534 with minimum and maximum contigs size of 1 kb and 11.7 Mb, respectively. It underwent selection for larger grain size over a span of one or two millennia in Japan.[1]. Among the species E. crus-galli (652), E. oryzicola (126), E. phyllopogon (96), E. colona (76), E. pyramidalis (46), E. esculenta (44), E. frumentacea (43), and E. oryzoides (32) hold the maximum number of sequences (Figure 3B). (2019) showed that among the 89 Echinochloa accessions, CO (Kv) 2, MDU 1, PRJ1, TNEf 301, TNEf 204, TNEf 361, TNEf 364, and VL 29 exhibited better germination as compared to the rice variety, White Ponni, at 200 mM NaCl concentration. Glycemic index and significance of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacae) in type II diabetics. Vet. Ishikawa, G., Seimiya, Y., Saito, M., Nakamura, T., and Hoshino, T. (2013). Such synthesis of AgNPs from plant extracts could be a safe and eco-friendly approach with possibilities for application at large-scale in the near future in the field of medicine, engineering, and agriculture. Collectively, the members of this genus are called barnyard grasses (though this may also refer to E. crus-galli specifically), and are also known as barnyard millets or billion-dollar grasses. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069168, Yasuda, K., Yano, A., Nakayama, Y., and Yamaguchi, H. (2006). Barnyard millet grain is a good source of protein, carbohydrate, fiber, and, most notably, contains more micronutrients (iron and zinc) than other major cereals. Biotechnol. ): 3 (1861). (1999). On the other hand, loose smut (Ustilago tritici) and grain smut (Ustilago panici frumentacea) are major fungal diseases that affect the grain formation in both the cultivated species of Echinochloa (Jain et al., 1997; Gupta et al., 2010a). Plant Breed. 8, 454460. With the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS), RNA-seq (RNA-sequencing) has now superseded the previous microarray technologies and a huge number of genomic resources are being generated in a cost and time effective manner (Weber, 2015). Although, compared to other small millets (kodo millet and finger millet), it was very low. (2016). J. Bot. Yabuno, T. (2001). Echinochloa crus-galli is a type of wild grass originating from tropical Asia that was formerly classified as a type of panicum grass. Apart from SSR markers, a total of 21,000 SNPs were identified and characterized through the whole-genome genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) method using core germplasm comprising of 95 barnyard millet accession (Wallace et al., 2015). This millet is widely grown as a cereal in India, Pakistan, and Nepal. The Plant List with literature. 10:535. doi: 10.5958/0975-928x.2019.00067.x, Lata, C., and Prasad, M. (2012). Taxon 41: 523 (1992). Assessment of genetic diversity, population structure and relationships in Indian and non-Indian genotypes of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) using genomic SSR markers. India made a series of collaborative exploration missions (i.e., Indo-Australian missions, Indo-Japanese missions, and Indo-Soviet protocol) for the improvement of barnyard millet and other millets with different countries across the world. kunth. Available at: http://www.ciks.org/downloads/seeds/5.%20Seed%20Production%20Techniques%20for%20Cereals%20and%20Millets.pdf (Accessed August 09, 2019). 14, 16271636. Food Bioprocess Technol. Racemes are present in one side, two sides, or around the axis of rachis and vary from 22 to 64 numbers per inflorescence (Renganathan et al., 2017). Z., de Souza, F. H. D., Valls, J. F. M., DallAgnol, M., Zucchi, M. I., et al. Molecular markers associated with waxy and anthocyanin pigment traits in barnyard millet. Weber, A. Gould, F. W., M. A. Ali & D. E. Fairbrothers. Such a quadripartite genome comprises a pair of inverted repeats (IR) separated by a small single-copy region (SSC) and a large-single copy region (LSC). Observation Search (11 records) Plant Characteristics. You can change the display of the base map layer control box in the upper right-hand corner. Transferability details of cross cereal species markers to barnyard millet. Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. Renganathan, V. G., Vanniarajan, C., Nirmalakumari, A., Raveendran, M., and Thiyageshwari, S. (2017). 6, 888898. Fl. However, in barnyard millet, very limited attempts have been made to discover the genomic structure and associated downstream processes due to its genome complexity and lack of research funding on this orphan crop. (2014c). It is the fourth most produced minor millet, providing food security to many poor people across the world. 56, 24012409. Isolation of lignan and fatty acid derivatives from the grains of Echinochloa utilis and Their Inhibition of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Nitric Oxide Production in RAW 264.7 cells. Pheng, S.; Khiev, B.; Pol, C. & Jahn, G.C. the state. The pericarp color of grain differs among genotypes from straw white to light gray and dark gray (Renganathan et al., 2017; Kuraloviya et al., 2019). To date, very limited reports have been published on genetic transformation in barnyard millet. Genet. Babu and Chauhan (2017) also found homology of some barnyard millet ESTs against the chromosomal regions of 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 12 of rice, the waxy gene of maize, granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI-S) gene of Panicum repens, Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum, and super oxide dismutase (SOD) gene of Colletotrichum eremochloae. The total sequence length of the genome at a depth of 171 was estimated to the size of 1.27 Gb, representing around 90.7% of the predicted genome size. Technol. Therefore, there is an immense need to develop an efficient transformation system for barnyard millet in the future so that it also paves the way for functional genomics studies related to tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses as well as micronutrient traits. In-silico mining, type and frequency analysis of genic microsatellites of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. KTo}T\y$*O>k-g)+|Cnze!MD?#O 09}7n 3:x@$ ;A[> . Sci. Indian J. Genet. (2014), confirmed a lower glycemic index (GI) in type 2 diabetic groups during regular consumption of barnyard millet meal. Ugare et al. IIMR, (2016). Can you please help us? 16, 493450. Plant Regist. At present, 8,000 barnyard millet germplasms have been conserved at different centers throughout the world (Table 2). Food Sci. Genotypic differences in relation to climatic adaptation of two cultivated barnyard millet at Garhwal hills. Crop Sci. Whole-genome sequencing reveals untapped genetic potential in Africas indigenous cereal crop sorghum. Plant Biol. Sorghum and millets, like other cereals such as wheat, rice, and maize, are cultivated flowering plant species of the grass family Poaceae (commonly known as Gramineae), whose seeds are used for human food and animal feed (Wrigley, 2004 ). As of 2019, the genomic resources available in the NCBI domain include 1,246 nucleotide sequences, 822 gene sequences, 2,468 protein sequences, 105 short read archive (SRA) sequences, 74 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs), and one Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset related to various species of Echinochloa. (2013). 3, 325328. 67, 518527. doi: 10.15740/HAS/FSRJ/6.2/285-291, Jia, G., Huang, X., Zhi, H., Zhao, Y., Zhao, Q., Li, W., et al. Seed Sci. 34, 175178. Benzoxazinoid biosynthesis, a model for evolution of secondary metabolic pathways in plants. 29, 6668. Acad. (2019) identified 10 polymorphic markers from 30 EST-SSRs and showed clear polymorphism in the 30 Indian barnyard millet germplasms. Adapted to all soils but thrives on wet and swampy soils, even standing water. Since heavy metals are currently of much environmental concern, phyto-based soil reclamation is an alternative, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approach (Subhashini and Swamy, 2014) that needs to be imparted in soil health restoration programs. Your help is appreciated. Leaves with ligule absent; blade 5-25 mm wide. 1812.
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