For example, creatine has been added to medium during intrauterine insemination to increase the viability of sperm and the success of fertility treatments [327,328,329,330,331,332]. Bemben M.G., Bemben D.A., Loftiss D.D., Knehans A.W. To support this contention, Kley and coworkers [254] conducted a Cochrane systemic review of the literature and found that high-quality evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) demonstrated that short- and medium-term creatine supplementation increases muscle strength in muscular dystrophies and functional performance in muscular dystrophy and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Candow and colleagues [99] reported that creatine (0.1 g/kg/day) and protein (0.3 g/kg/day) supplementation increased muscle mass and strength while decreasing protein degradation and bone resorption markers in older men. creatine supplementation has also been shown to . Oral choline decreases brain purine levels in lithium-treated subjects with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: A double-blind trial using proton and lithium magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Leader et al. [333] reported that stress decreases CK activity in cutaneous cells and that topical creatine application improved cellular energy availability and markedly protected against a variety of cellular stress conditions, like oxidative and UV damage, which are involved in premature skin aging and skin damage. Tyler T.F., Nicholas S.J., Hershman E.B., Glace B.W., Mullaney M.J., McHugh M.P. Thorelius J., Thelin S., Ronquist G., Halden E., Hansson H.E. Rawson E.S. Caete S., Juan A.F.S., Prez M., Gmez-Gallego F., Lpez-Mojares L.M., Earnest C., Fleck S.J., Lucia A. da Silva R.P., Clow K., Brosnan J.T., Brosnan M.E. Ziegenfuss T.N., Rogers M., Lowery L., Mullins N., Mendel R., Antonio J., Lemon P. Effect of creatine loading on anaerobic performance and skeletal muscle volume in NCAA Division I athletes. The Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Strength Recovery after Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Reconstruction. Creatine supplementation has also been reported to prevent declines in the GLUT-4 transporter during immobilization while increasing GLUT-4 by 40% during rehabilitation after atrophy [140]. Patra S., Ghosh A., Roy S.S., Bera S., Das M., Talukdar D., Ray S., Wallimann T., Ray M. A short review on creatine-creatine kinase system in relation to cancer and some experimental results on creatine as adjuvant in cancer therapy. Greenhaff P.L. Campos-Ferraz P.L., Gualano B., das Neves W., Andrade I.T., Hangai I., Pereira R.T., Bezerra R.N., Deminice R., Seelaender M., Lancha A.H. Exploratory studies of the potential anti-cancer effects of creatine. Kreider R.B., Kalman D.S., Antonio J., Ziegenfuss T.N., Wildman R., Collins R., Candow D.G., Kleiner S.M., Almada A.L., Lopez H.L. Most creatine research initially focused on creatines role in exercise performance, training adaptations, and safety in untrained and trained healthy individuals [1]. Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation: Considerations for Cog - LWW Nanto-Salonen K., Komu M., Lundbom N., Heinanen K., Alanen A., Sipila I., Simell O. Should I supplement with creatine? Skare O.-C., Skadberg O., Wisnes A.R. Spillane M., Schoch R., Cooke M.B., Harvey T., Greenwood M., Kreider R.B., Willoughby D.S. has conducted industry-sponsored research on creatine and other nutraceuticals over the past 25 years. While this could reduce the ability to sense some infections in immunocompromised individuals, TLR-4 downregulation may also alter Parkinsons disease pathology and inhibit neuronal death as the disease progresses [293,294]. Oral creatine supplementation facilitates the rehabilitation of disuse atrophy and alters the expression of muscle myogenic factors in humans. The improvements observed returned toward baseline after 4 weeks after stopping creatine therapy. Therefore, a normal-sized individual may need to consume 23 g/day of creatine to maintain normal creatine stores depending on diet, muscle mass, and physical activity levels. Creatine - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Dietary supplementation of 2030 g/day of creatine monohydrate for up to 5 years has also been studied in some clinical populations who need higher levels to increase brain concentrations of creatine, offset creatine synthesis deficiencies, or influence disease states [51,52,53]. Neuroprotective effects of creatine and cyclocreatine in animal models of Huntingtons disease. Furthermore . 5 to 7 Recommended carbohydrate intake for one hour per day of moderate-intensity endurance training is _____ g per kg body weight per day. For example, Patra et al. Lanhers C., Pereira B., Naughton G., Trousselard M., Lesage F.-X., Dutheil F. Creatine Supplementation and Upper Limb Strength Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Individuals with creatine synthesis deficiencies and creatine transporter mutations typically present with low brain Cr and PCr levels [53,61,204,206,207,208,209,210]. Cella P.S., Marinello P.C., Borges F.H., Ribeiro D.F., Chimin P., Testa M.T.J., Guirro P.B., Duarte J.A., Cecchini R., Guarnier F.A., et al. Papadimitriou K. Effects of legal ergogenic supplements on swimmers performance: A bibliographic approach. The researchers found that creatine supplementation improved glucose tolerance to ingesting a standard meal, increased GLUT-4 translocation, and promoted a significant reduction in HbA1c levels. When should I take creatine? Oral creatine supplementation enhances upper extremity work capacity in persons with cervical-level spinal cord injury. Candow D., Forbes S., Kirk B., Duque G. Current Evidence and Possible Future Applications of Creatine Supplementation for Older Adults. Jacobs P.L., Mahoney E.T., Cohn K.A., Sheradsky L.F., Green B.A. Effects of muscular strength training and growth hormone (GH) supplementation on femoral bone tissue: Analysis by Raman spectroscopy, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and mechanical resistance. A five-year follow-up of creatine supplementation. Roberts P.A., Fox J., Peirce N., Jones S., Casey A., Greenhaff P.L. Weiss B.A., Powers M.E. Lukaszuk J.M., Robertson R.J., Arch J.E., Moyna N.M. Effect of a Defined Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian Diet and Oral Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Plasma Creatine Concentration. Saraiva A.L., Ferreira A.P., Silva L.F., Hoffmann M.S., Dutra F.D., Furian A.F., Oliveira M.S., Fighera M.R., Royes L.F. Creatine reduces oxidative stress markers but does not protect against seizure susceptibility after severe traumatic brain injury. Roy B.D., de Beer J., Harvey D., Tarnopolsky M.A. In humans, there is evidence that the creatine needs of the mother increase during pregnancy [7,280]. Grindstaff P.D., Kreider R., Bishop R., Wilson M., Wood L., Alexander C., Almada A. A potential role for creatine in drug abuse? Effect of creatine supplementation and drop-set resistance training in untrained aging adults. Kato T., Takahashi S., Shioiri T., Inubushi T. Brain phosphorous metabolism in depressive disorders detected by phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Mueller C., Lin J.C., Sheriff S., Maudsley A.A., Younger J.W. The authors concluded that creatine supplementation may serve as a useful dietary intervention to improve fibromyalgia patients muscle function. Santos R.V., Bassit R.A., Caperuto E.C., Costa Rosa L.F. In fact, Wallimann and colleagues [50] noted that since creatine stores are not fully saturated on vegan or normal omnivore diets that generally provide 0 or 0.751.5 g/day of creatine, daily dietary creatine needs may be in the order of 24 g/person/day to promote general health [1,50]. Van Loon L.J.C., Oosterlaar A.M., Hartgens F., Hesselink M.K.C., Snow R.J., Wagenmakers A.J.M. Short and longer-term effects of creatine supplementation on exercise induced muscle damage. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help de Guingand D.L., Palmer K.R., Bilardi J.E., Ellery S.J. Finally, Ostojic and colleagues [311] reported that GAA supplementation (2.4 g/day for 3 months) positively affected creatine metabolism and work capacity in women with CFS but did not affect general fatigue symptoms musculoskeletal soreness. Veggi K.F.T., Machado M., Koch A.J., Santana S.C., Oliveira S.S., Stec M.J. Creatine monohydrate supplementation is the major treatment for all the three disorders. The effects of pre versus post workout supplementation of creatine Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation during Combined Strength and High Intensity Rowing Training on Performance. Kambis K.W., Pizzedaz S.K. Effects of oral creatine supplementation on multiple sprint cycle performance. For example, Anyukhovsky et al. Silveri et al. Forbes S.C., Chilibeck P.D., Candow D.G. FOIA Effects of creatine supplementation on performance and training adaptations. Roitman et al. Agren H., Niklasson F. Creatinine and creatine in CSF: Indices of brain energy metabolism in depression. Toniolo R.A., Silva M., Fernandes F.B.F., Amaral J., Dias R.D.S., Lafer B. S-adenosyl-L-methionine: Effects on brain bioenergetic status and transverse relaxation time in healthy subjects. This systematic review assesses the peer-reviewed scientific and medical evidence related to creatines role in promoting general health as we age and how creatine supplementation has been used as a nutritional strategy to help individuals recover from injury and/or manage chronic disease. Hespel P., Derave W. Ergogenic effects of creatine in sports and rehabilitation. Studies consistently reveal that creatine supplementation exerts positive ergogenic effects on single and multiple bouts of short-duration, high-intensity exercise . Enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with the ameliorative action of creatine supplementation in rat soleus and cardiac muscles. Effect of creatine supplementation as a potential adjuvant therapy to exercise training in cardiac patients: A randomized controlled trial. Additionally, we provide reasonable conclusions about the state of the science on creatine supplementation. The role of creatine in energy metabolism will be discussed in greater detail in another paper in this special issue. Nelson A.G., Arnall D.A., Kokkonen J., Day R., Evans J. Physiol. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses. Creatine synthesis: Hepatic metabolism of guanidinoacetate and creatine in the rat in vitro and in vivo. Koak S., Karli U. Hoffman J., Ratamess N., Kang J., Mangine G., Faigenbaum A., Stout J. There is some support in human trials that creatine supplementation may affect depression [171,323]. We studied the effects of creatine monohydrate administration (5 g PO b.i.d. Griffiths T.L., Proud D. Creatine supplementation as an exercise performance enhancer for patients with COPD?
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