However, a certificated repair station may not approve for return to service any aircraft, airframe, aircraft engine, propeller, or appliance after major repair or major alteration unless the work was done in accordance with technical data approved by the Administrator.". This is why the Appendix uses the term accepted rather than approved, what I see as another opportunity for revision. ASTM F2483 9.3 states that the manufacturer must identify in writing the instructions for the modification, who is authorized to perform the modification, and the level of technician certification that person must have. (3) Changes that increase the operational limits (maximum speed limits such as VA, VFE, VNE; minimum speed limitations such as stall speed; increases in service ceiling, and so forth).. This is the real reason to use MRO aviation to categorize those organizations. And that, I believe, we can all agree is a good thing! According to Ric Peri, vice president at the Aviation Electronics Association, the FAA still considers the 8110 definitions as a good point of reference. Maintenance, repair and overhaul form a critical component of aviation that has been around since the early days of flight. For an S-LSA, the aircraft manufacturer must approve any modification including installation of new avionics. Wide-body aircraft offer many advantages over their narrow-body counterpartsincluding increased passenger and cargo capacity, and increased stability during flightbut they come with some disadvantages as well. Learning. Almost all propellers have time before overhaul (TBO) guidelines published by the manufacturer based on both the in-flight hours and calendar months that the propeller has been in service. (xxvi) Repair of fabric covering involving an area greater than that required to repair two adjacent ribs. Not much help when we are considering a specific repair or alteration. The aircraft manufacturer has already demonstrated the methods for supporting panel-mounted equipment by the design of the panel for the existing equipment. (1) Execute FAA Form 337 at least in duplicate; (a) A certificated mechanic may perform or supervise the maintenance, preventive maintenance or alteration of an aircraft or appliance, or a part thereof, for which he is rated (but excluding major repairs to, and major alterations of, propellers, and any repair to, or alteration of, instruments), and may perform additional duties in accordance . "(b) For major repairs made in accordance with a manual or specifications acceptable to the Administrator, a certificated repair station may, in place of the requirements of paragraph (a) [FAA Form 337] - All previously approved data has to be applicable to the requested major repair or major alteration. If the repair alteration fails in such a way that would. (v) Overhaul of pressure type carburetors, and pressure type fuel, oil and hydraulic pumps. 'IndiGo deal with Airbus major win for UK aerospace', says PM Rishi . 3.1.11 manufacturer -- any entity engaged in the production of an LSA or component used on an LSA. This list is a part of the regulations that is outdated and difficult at times to apply to a particular situation. It is critically important though to understand the limitations behind this exception. The most relevant NDT techniques used include ultrasound, eddy current testing, liquid penetrant testing, bond testing, magnetic particle testing, resonance testing, and infrared thermography. Those items, the performance of which is a major alteration, a major repair, or preventive maintenance, are listed in Appendix A. Spell each of the following words, adding the suffix that is given. So, the person performing the maintenance is the one who decides if the repair or alteration is major or minor and that person could be a mechanic, a repairman (who, by the way, must be employed . Aircraft Repair. This training should be from either the manufacturer or from an industry accepted training provider. (2) Powerplant major alterations. A major concern with any bonded repair are disbonds that can occur at installation . Would you prefer to share this page with others by linking to it? MRO keeps planes flying safely and efficiently. You can download a copy of AC 120-77 from the Advisory Circular section of this website. The maintenance manual must lay out what level of maintenance technician certification is required to do a particular task and provide detailed instruction to complete the task. Dear Sir That handbook has since been rescinded and replaced by newer guidelines. Joe Hertzler is the president of AVTRAK Inc., an Aurora, Colorado-based company. AC43.13-1B introduction The problem was discovered a couple of years ago when water started to get into the Journal Reading Room which is . Every repair (even a blend) is an alteration of the aircraft structure and needs to be assessed for damage tolerance compliance, ref. If the manufacturer allows an owner to install avionics under the supervision of a mechanic, it is important to note that this must be an A&P since a LSRM cannot supervise. (vi) Installation of parts not approved for the propeller. if the answer is yes, then it is a Major RepairSecondly, you must determine if the data used to make the repair is FAA approved data.As you noted, a Major Repair needs to be documented on a FAA Form 337. Finally, all documentation must be included in the logbook records. However, they represent a branch of a bigger organization that owns the repair stations. (xiii) Repairs to deep dents, cuts, scars, nicks, etc., and straightening of aluminum blades. Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration, the holder of a pilot certificate issued under 14 CFR Part 61 may perform specified preventive maintenance on any . Considering the difficulty we all face now in obtaining approved data either from the FAA or from manufacturers, many of us are tempted, when on the fence, to subjectively decide that the repair or alteration is minor and does not need a 337 or approved data. Acceptable data is data that the installer can refer to from FAA guidance materials, such as Advisory Circular 43.13-1B, Acceptable Methods, Techniques and Practices. We'll address simple repairs here. For an S-LSA, any modifications or major repairs must be approved in writing. (xv) Main seat support braces and brackets. Major step repair project continues at state capitol However, it is important for these organizations to consider that MRO and the services they provide to commercial airlines must evolve as the new generation of aircraft and the whole industry grow together with technological developments like IoT, wearables, Augmented Reality (AR), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and many more that seek to take passenger flight to the next level. When the work is performed, by the person performing it, he/she must decide whether or not a "form prescribed in Appendix B" must be utilized. (12) Making small simple repairs to fairings, nonstructural cover plates, cowlings, and small patches and reinforcements not changing the contour so as to interfere with proper air flow. These inspections should also cover engines. (23) Cleaning or replacing fuel and oil strainers or filter elements. (17) Replacing bulbs, reflectors, and lenses of position and landing lights. So the common question is: Can a distributor authorize a change? The ASI may, as the circumstances warrant, be able to: Establish an acceptable basis for approval. Importance of Structural Damage/ Repair assessment and its recording are included in those documents. There is also one exception to the requirement for use of an FAA Form 337. (26) Replacement or adjustment of nonstructural standard fasteners incidental to operations. (8) Replenishing hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic reservoir. According to 14 CFR 21.93, A minor change is one that has no appreciable effect on the weight, balance, structural strength, reliability, operational characteristics, or other characteristics affecting the airworthiness of the product. Alterations of the following parts and alterations of the following types, when not listed in the aircraft specifications issued by the FAA, are airframe major alterations: (i) Wings, (ii) Tail surfaces, (iii) Fuselage, (iv) Engine mounts, (v) Control system, (vi) Landing gear, Some people consider this is not an MRO business model. A: No. This chapter is an overview of the current experience in aircraft maintenance programs, including inspection and repair processes, lessons learned from aging aircraft, and future needs to support new materials and structural concepts. Each part is then inspected to discard any potential issues and to determine whether it is fit to get back in operation. So, what documentation is required to be in the aircraft records for any major change or alteration? (xxvii) Replacement of fabric on fabric covered parts such as wings, fuselages, stabilizers, and control surfaces. By 2029 the aircraft leasing market is estimated to reach the value of almost 300 billion USD. (28) The installations of anti-misfueling devices to reduce the diameter of fuel tank filler openings provided the specific device has been made a part of the aircraft type certificiate data by the aircraft manufacturer, the aircraft manufacturer has provided FAA-approved instructions for installation of the specific device, and installation does not involve the disassembly of the existing tank filler opening. As long as your mechanic can document reasonable logic to justify the classification as minor, you may be surprised at the ways you can improve your airplane without getting on the wrong side of the FAA. A primary responsibility of the holder of an IA is to determine airworthiness by inspecting repairs or alterations for conformity to approved data, and assuring that the aircraft is in a condition for safe operation. Any maintenance or alteration that is performed on an S-LSA must be accomplished using data supplied by the manufacturer and performed by a repairman (light-sport aircraft) with a maintenance rating, a mechanic with an airframe and powerplant rating, or a repair station appropriately certificated for that class of S-LSA in accordance with part 43. The Engine Overhaul Myth | Aviation Pros ". http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/6d3a4a62#/6d3a4a62/26, FLYING Media Group | 605 Chestnut St, Ste 800 | Chattanooga TN 37450 | 1-800-697-1570COPYRIGHT2023 FLYING Media Group | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. There is a huge difference in the quality and completeness of manuals provided by the S-LSA manufacturers. Although not specifically defined in the regulations, a repair is maintenance that takes place to restore a type-certificated product to "condition for safe operation." Such data may be used in whole or part as included within the design data associated with the STC. Major vs. Minor | Aviation Pros The repairs identified in this AC may also be used as a basis for FAA approval for major repairs. This time, well get deeper and discuss how to make that determination (and how to build a case for any modification you are considering). by elementary operations. While pushing back airplane sounds quite straightforward, there are a number of steps involved in the procedure. Well this takes us back to the rule that requires it, 14 CFR Part 43.9. The data used is appropriate to the aircraft certification rule (e.g., CAR 3, 14 CFR part 23, FAR 25, FAR 27). If the authorization for a major repair or alteration allows an A & P to complete a major repair, the mechanic must remember that when working on S-LSA, the aircrafts consensus standard, maintenance manual, and instructions for continued airworthiness must be used instead TC data. However, the only guidance that specifically provides these critical definitions is FAA Handbook 8110.46, Major Alterations that Require Supplemental Type Certificates. They typically range from 1, 000 to 2,000 flight hours and five to seven years in service. (2) Changes in the certificated center of gravity range limits (for example decreasing the forward limit or increasing the aft limit). Minor alteration means an alteration other than a major alteration. These types of approvals are called field approvals and are not so widely used anymore. (1) Use the customer's work order upon which the repair is recorded; I will not include all of the descriptions here but please take the time to pull out your Regulation Book and take a gander at the list. Boeing and the FAA expect appropriately approved airline, maintenance, and MRO personnel to assess whether a repair is major or minor, and to use an assessment process preapproved by their national aviation authority. Learn more. The aircraft must be maintained to these industry-developed standards, meet FAR Part 43 requirements, and comply with manufacturers safety directives and FAA Airworthiness Directives applicable to Type Certificated (TC) products installed on the aircraft. If you see 337s or STCs in an aircrafts documentation, they are a testament that the modifications meet the standards of both the mechanic performing the work and the FAA Flight Standards District Office (FSDO) inspector. Some of them are essential, others are optional. Prevent safe landing. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which statement is correct regarding an aircraft that is found to be unairworthy after an annual inspection, due to an item requiring a major repair (assuming approved data is used to accomplish the repair), An aircraft that is required by section 91.409, to have a 100-hour inspection may be flown beyond the inspection . Once that has been decided, if it is major, the work must be performed in accordance with FAA approved data and the person performing the work must execute an FAA Form 337 as defined by 14 CFR Part 43 Appendix B (a). Jeff is also the creator of SocialFlight, the free mobile app and website that maps more than 20,000 aviation events, hundred-dollar hamburger destinations, and also offers educational aviation videos. . Workmanship meets the requirements of 14 CFR part 43, section 43.13 (the aircraft or product is equal to its original or properly altered condition). This makes choosing a good shop to do the alteration very important. 2. ANSWER: The aircraft Type Certificate Data Sheet (TCDS) usually has a note regarding approved service documents. (xii) Overhaul of controllable pitch propellers. All regulatory bodies and manufacturers must purchase their own copy of the standards, read, and interpret them. (xiii) Changes to the wing or to fixed or movable control surfaces which affect flutter and vibration characteristics. The regulations are clear (Reference 91.327 (a) (5), (6) and (7)) that any modification after the date of manufacture must be authorized by the manufacturer, inspected by procedures developed by the manufacturer and recorded in the specific aircraft records. ", 14CFR Part 43.9 (a)(4) For one thing, 14 CFR Part 43.9 in harmony with Appendix B to Part 43 requires a different means of recording the maintenance when it is "major. Belvoir Media Group, LLC. Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) modifications are more of a blanket approval designed to cover an entire family of aircraft types. A team of professionals with a deep passion for the aviation industry bringing you the newest and the most striking industry-related news and content. The manufacturer also determines what is a major repair or major alteration. The Aircraft Flight Manual and Instructions for Continued Airworthiness (Maintenance Manuals, Structure Repair Manuals, etc.) (c) Preventive maintenance. . (v) Installation of structural parts other than the type of parts approved for the installation. It is not real clear in the appendix. For example, lets say that you wanted to install a mount for a removable, portable navigation or entertainment device in your panel. Major repairs are those that if improperly done, might appreciably affect weight, balance, structural strength, performance, power-plant operation . Form FAA 337 - Major Repair and Alteration (Airframe, Powerplant MRO represents maintenance, repair, and overhaul. b. The Biggest Problem with Aviation Maintenance and How You Can Fix It Appropriate to the product being repaired, B. Replacing safety belts. They usually have close relations with the aviation community of the airport, including local mechanics. Jeff is also the creator of SocialFlight, the free mobile app and website that maps over 10,000 aviation events. (2) Give a signed copy of that form to the aircraft owner; and Copyright 2007 Aviation Safety Bureau, All Rights Reserved The majority of the time it will come down to the last statement on the decision tree If improperly done, would it affect the airworthiness of the aircraft? Other areas requiring attention and regular checks include the pneumatic and hydraulic systems in the airplane. As technology advances, the methods by which we maintain and operate aircraft must also advance. Alterations of the following parts and alterations of the following types, when not listed in the aircraft specifications issued by the FAA, are airframe major alterations: (viii) Elements of an airframe including spars, ribs, fittings, shock absorbers, bracing, cowling, fairings, and balance weights. First of all, we need to understand the difference between a repair and an alteration. The Worst Airplane Crash Ever | JAL 123 Airline Disaster This is essential to keep aircraft airworthiness since mechanics can see what is happening below the surface. Because the classification of a repair as either major or minor is not a 14 CFR Part 25 requirement, this classification is outside the scope of FAA authority delegated to Boeing. Typical components requiring repair are failed instruments or controls that are not responding as expected, structural issues like dents, or broken windows, among others. .". PDF Engine Repairs - Federal Aviation Administration In addition to the entry required by this paragraph, major repairs and major alterations shall be entered on a form, and the form disposed of, in the manner prescribed in Appendix B, by the person performing the work.". FAR 1 defines a Major repair as a repair that if improperly done, might appreciably affect weight, balance, structural strength, performance, powerplant operation, flight characteristics, or other qualities affecting airworthiness; or that is not done according to accepted practices or cannot be done by elementary operations. Mi n o r re p a i r that can be used for maintenance, minor repair, or minor alteration that complies with applicable airworthiness regulations. (i) Conversion of an aircraft engine from one approved model to another, involving any changes in compression ratio, propeller reduction gear, impeller gear ratios or the substitution of major engine parts which requires extensive rework and testing of the engine. The manufacturer is required to provide: It is not uncommon for manufacturers in the S-LSA industry to send incomplete letters of authorization; many offer authorization by phone. Major/Minor Repairs Q&A - ARSA PDF Propeller Repairs What is a repair? How are major and minor repairs . Some regional airlines also own MRO facilities, but the main difference is that they can distribute them across their whole area of operations since it is much smaller.
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