doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172346, Trguer, P. J., Sutton, J. N., Brzezinski, M., Charette, M. A., Devries, T., Dutkiewicz, S., et al. Mar. Maldonado, M., Navarro, L., Grasa, A., Gonzalez, A., and Vaquerizo, I. Amsterdam: Inv. doi: 10.5194/os-7-533-2011. Thus, radiolarians are one of the longest ranging groups of fossil microorganisms. Sarsia 57, 3346. Anderson, O. R., Moss, M. L., and Skalak, R. (1987). doi: 10.1016/0967-0637(94)00038-t, Kouduka, M., Matsuoka, A., and Nishigaki, K. (2006). Now getting him to spawn is the part I'm unsure of. A porous sieve plate covers the rings on both sides of the test. For diatoms, it was shown that a change in the efflux does not impact (Milligan et al., 2004), and a constant fractionation factor (t1) between the diatom silica and the ambient DSi is assumed, ascribing variations of 30Si of diatoms to fractionation within a closed or open-system (De La Rocha et al., 1997; Varela et al., 2004; Reynolds et al., 2006; Cardinal et al., 2007). Forcings and evolution of the 2017 coastal El Nio Off Northern Peru and Ecuador. Catalogue of Mesozoic radiolarian genera. Part 1: Triassic - BioOne World atlas of distribution of recent polycystina (Radiolaria). 22:561. doi: 10.1039/b616755a, Reynolds, B. C., Frank, M., and Halliday, A. N. (2006). The genus Acrosphaera consists of colonial radiolarians that can grow up to several millimeters (Latz et al., 1987; Anderson and Gupta, 1998). This comparison was used to evaluate differences in the Si cycling of deep and intermediate (subsurface) water masses and potential changes in their DSi concentration. doi: 10.1002/2017pa003090, Fontorbe, G., Frings, P. J., De La Rocha, C. L., Hendry, K. R., and Conley, D. J. Radiolarians during the Ordovician - University of Queensland Trguer, P. J., and De La Rocha, C. L. (2013). (2018). Biogeosci. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.013, Ehlert, C., Grasse, P., Gutirrez, D., Salvatteci, R., and Frank, M. (2015). linear regression of 30SiStylo with minimum DSi concentrations show a significant negative correlation (200400 m; r2 = 0.84, p < 0.05; Figure 3K) but no significant correlation with mean (r2 = 0.41, p = 0.12) and maximum (r2 = 0.03, p = 0.7) DSi concentrations (Figure 3G and Table 3). is associated with warm water conditions (Matsuzaki et al., 2014), and Stylochlamydium sp. appears to indicate warm water mesotrophic subtropical conditions (Matsuzaki et al., 2014), reaching its highest abundances between 50 to 100 m (Boltovskoy et al., 2017). Three different radiolarian taxa were selected according to their specific habitat depths of 050 m (Acrosphaera murrayana), 50100 m (Dictyocoryne profunda/truncatum), and 200400 m (Stylochlamydium venustum). Radiolarian data from the submarine Vityaz Ridge, Northwest Pacific Vertical and geographic distribution of selected radiolarian species in the North Pacific. Stable silicon isotope signatures of marine pore waters Biogenic opal dissolution versus authigenic clay mineral formation. 244, 431443. Silicon metabolism in diatoms: implications for growth. DSi concentrations are highest in deeper waters (300400 m), reaching up to 60 mol L1, and lowest at the surface (upper 10 m) where concentrations between 0 and 5 mol L1 prevail. Rep. 1:30. doi: 10.1038/srep00030, Marron, A., Cassarino, L., Hatton, J., Curnow, P., and Hendry, K. R. (2019). Si isotope fractionation has been investigated previously for diatoms and sponge spicules (Milligan et al., 2004; Wille et al., 2010; Cassarino et al., 2018). Estrada, M., and Blasco, D. (1985). (triangles) 50100 m, Stylochlamydium sp. All data were obtained during cruises conducted in the frame of the SFB 754 (M77, M90, M93, M136-M138) representing conditions covering the normal upwelling season (Nov-Mar, 2008-2009 and 2012-2013; M77/3: doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.81996; M77/4: doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.79315; M90: doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.85794; M93: doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.90555) as well as an El-Nio event (Apr-Jun, 2017; M136: doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.90440; M137: doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.90440) in the Peruvian upwelling region (see Figure 2). and 30SiDSi values (). Pictures are representative of the respective species, as presented in Figure 1. Ocean Data View. Milligan, A. J., Varela, D. E., Brzezinski, M. A., and Morel, F. M. M. (2004). Pro. Biogeography of Radiolaria Polycystina (Protista) in the World Ocean. Acta 72, 30633073. Radiolaria: Major exporters of organic carbon to the deep ocean When correlating the 30Si of all radiolarian taxa with DSi concentrations (mean or minimum values for the respective water depth, according to Figures 3EH), there is no consistent best fit for all radiolarian signatures (Figure 4A). Res. Pap. Southern Ocean control of silicon stable isotope distribution in the deep Atlantic Ocean. North-South sections of mean DSi concentrations from cruises M77, M90, M93, M136, M137, and M138 for all water stations from 0400 m water depth; (D) North-South sections of 30SiDSi for all water column stations occupied during cruises M77 and M93, white dots indicate shelf stations, red dots indicate offshore stations; please note that offshore stations were only incorporated into data for 200400 m due to the few data available for these depths of the shallow shelf stations (white dots); (E) Seasonal water sampling locations for DSi concentrations (mol L1) during cruises M136, 137, and 138 from April to June 2017 (El Nio); (F) DSi concentrations along the North-South transect during cruises M136, 137, and 138 from April to June 2017 (El Nio); Sections were plotted applying the DIVA interpolation of Ocean Data View (Schlitzer, 2020); (G) Comparison of the calculated DSi concentrations and measured Apr-June (2017) DSi concentration per degree latitude (as given in Table 2); (H) Comparison of the calculated DSi concentrations and measured Nov-Mar (2008/9 and 2012/13) DSi concentration per degree latitude; DSi concentrations are differentiated into minimum (orange), mean (yellow), and maximum (blue) and differentiated into the habitat depth of the studied radiolaria taxa of 0-50 m (diamonds), 50100 m (triangles), 200400 m (circles), and 0400 m (squares). However, designated laboratory experiments are needed to investigate these processes and to confirm these hypothetical fractionation values. To investigate its applicability as a paleo proxy, we compare the 30Sirad of different radiolarian taxa and mixed radiolarian samples from surface sediments off Peru to the DSi distribution and its 30Si signatures (30SiDSi) along the coast between the equator and 15S. 24 . During the coastal EN in 2017 remained lower in the surface ocean ranging on average from 4 to 16 mol L1 from north to south, with lowest DSi of 4 to 6 mol L1 north of 3.5S and higher concentrations of 9.0 to 15.9 mol L1 between 10 and 15S (Figure 3D). First application of PDMPO to examine silicification in polycystine Radiolaria. Brink, K. H., Halpern, D., Huyer, A., and Smith, R. L. (1983). Clim. Concentrations remain high at 26 mol L1 further south at 16.5S. CP - Technical note: A new automated radiolarian image acquisition Maximum DSi concentrations show a southward decrease from 49 mol L1 to 36 mol L1 at 15.5S, only at 10.5S and 16.5S values are as low as 30 and 20 mol L1. Geochim. De La Rocha, C. L., Brzezinski, M. A., DeNiro, M. J., and Shemesh, A. Recent single and multigene phylogenetic studies suggest that the third traditional group of radiolarians, the Phaeodarea, are members of Cercozoa but not of the Retaria (Nikolaev et al. 0.5 to 0.9; Abelmann et al., 2015), similar to the approach presented here. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.07.033, Grasse, P., Ryabenko, E., Ehlert, C., Altabet, M. A., and Frank, M. (2016). best correlate with minimum DSi concentration of their respective habitat depth (50100 m and 200400 m water depth; Figures 3J,K). as well as from mixed-species samples from surface sediments of the Peruvian shelf, a region well studied in the context of modern and past Si cycling (Ehlert et al., 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016a; Grasse et al., 2013; Doering et al., 2016a, b; Grasse et al., under review). 1. (2019). Taxonomic study on Cenozoic Nassellaria (Radiolaria). 210, 114. Oceanogr. The DSi concentrations for the different habitat depths are given as mean, minimum, and maximum for latitudes along the shelf and offshore stations close to the equator. (2016). The international search and rescue efforts kicked into high gear in the past few days. Fractionation of silicon isotopes by marine diatoms during biogenic silica formation. 396, 2640. Acta 75, 42864294. Detailed species descriptions are given at the end of the main text. The margin of every pore has a coronal of six to nine short and acute spines, not longer than half the diameter of the pores. Overall, the information on isotope fractionation in radiolarians remains incomplete and requires further efforts. (2011). Morales, C. E., Hormazbal, S. E., and Blanco, J. doi: 10.5194/bg-9-4199-2012-supplement, de Souza, G. F., Reynolds, B. C., Rickli, J., Frank, M., Saito, M. A., Gerringa, L. J. Micropaleontol. The linear regressions model tests the null hypothesis that the independent variable has no correlation with the dependent variable. Global Biogeochem. (2009). This also holds compared to the annual data set for DSi concentrations available from the World Ocean Atlas (WOA13), which includes all nutrient data until 2013 collected in the World Ocean Database (Garcia et al., 2014). 19, 287297. 30Si values for solid standard material are in good agreement with values obtained by the inter-laboratory comparison study of Reynolds et al. Mar. The PCUC is partly fed by the eastward flowing waters of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) (Lukas, 1986; Penven, 2005; Kessler, 2006) and prevails at 50150 m water depth (Huyer et al., 1987). 12, 20192046. Rhizaria (infrakingdom) > Radiozoa (Phylum) > Polycystina (class) > Spumellaria (Order) > Spongodiscoidea (Family) > Dictyocoryne (Genus). 1:13. doi: 10.26879/98002, Anderson, O. R., Bennett, P., and Bryan, M. (1989). We observed significant relationships between 30Sirad / 30Sirad and DSi concentrations. 453, 6777. Given that the DSi concentration of the subsurface water mass (PCUC) is generally not expected to decrease along the shelf, a potential mechanism explaining these decreasing concentrations could be the entrainment of Si-depleted offshore water masses into the subsurface layer via anticyclonic eddy formation (Jos et al., 2017). The Catalogue of Mesozoic radiolarian genera is a revision of all described genera with re-illustration of their type species. In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. Growth pattern of the siliceous skeletons of living Spumellaria This considerable range for DSi reconstruction clearly highlights the need for more precise values of Si fractionation to enable the use of 30Sirad as a reliable tool to reconstruct past DSi concentrations. 1 23.3 D. 1: Ammonia tepida: Ammonia tepida, a Rhizaria species . Palaeogeogr. 65, 25832602. Please note that due to the small range in 30SiAcro signatures (+0.59 to +0.83), associated DSi concentrations only range within 10 M and are thus lower than the needed range difference of 15 M, limiting the reliable application of 30SiAcro as a paleo-proxy for DSi concentrations based on the correlation presented here. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.02.002, Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L., et al. (1995). However, very little is known about the Si isotope fractionation in radiolaria. J. Geophys. The Si isotope signatures of radiolaria (protozooplankton) present a rarely exploited window into the subsurface and deeper water DSi conditions. Radiolaria and phaeodaria, in Handbook of the Protists, eds J. M. Archibald, A. G. B. Simpson, and C. Slamovits (Springer), 133. (2016a). During the EN events, a decrease in upwelling strength and enhanced stratification leads to increased in sea surface temperature, reduced nutrient availability in the surface, oxygenated subsurface waters, and decreased nitrogen loss processes off the coasts of Peru and Ecuador. Linking diverse nutrient patterns to different water masses within anticyclonic eddies in the upwelling system off Peru. Factors controlling plankton community production, export flux, and particulate matter stoichiometry in the coastal upwelling system off Peru. Biol. Catalogue of Mesozoic radiolarian genera. Part 1: Triassic - BioOne Radiolaria are marine siliceous microfossils used to reconstruct paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic events. For A. murrayana, the linear regression of average 30SiAcro (see Table 1) with DSi concentrations shows a significant negative relationship with mean DSi concentrations of surface waters (050 m; r2 = 0.766, p < 0.05; Figure 3I). Electron. Strong El Nio (EN) events affect circulation and water mass distribution, causing the deepening of the thermocline and the occurrence of large oxygenation events in the water column (Morales et al., 1999; Gutirrez et al., 2008). These subsurface waters are not low (i.e., < 1 mol L1) in DSi compared to surface waters but remain between 10 and 15 mol L1 (50100 m) and 20 to 35 mol L1 (200400 m) throughout the year. 110:C10021. doi: 10.1016/j.revmic.2013.04.002, Takahashi, K. (1981). Except for Dictyocoryne sp., the 30Si values agree well with the values observed in a previous study (Abelmann et al., 2015), ranging between 0.54 and 0.91. Palaeoecol. Unraveling the Mysteries of Radiolarians | AMNH The disappearance of Stylochlamydium sp. Furthermore, the species volume has to be taken into account. Earth Planet. In the main upwelling region (10S to 15S), high DSi concentrations of up to 50 mol L1 are reached in surface waters during recent upwelling events (Figure 2B). Their skeletons tend to have arm-like extensions that resemble spikes, which are used both to increase surface area for buoyancy and to capture prey. They have existed for at least 550 million years and are found in all the world's oceans and other bodies of saltwater, from the . Plankton Benthos Res. Mar. Most are somewhat spherical, but there exist a . Oceanogr. 69, 181217. Average circulation, seasonal cycle, and mesoscale dynamics of the Peru Current System: a modeling approach. Figure 4. (2007). Cosmochim. Test with three, broad, spongy arms, equally to bilaterally disposed, generally with, but in several specimens without, a spongy patagium between. Production and dissolution of biogenic silica in the ocean: Revised global estimates, comparison with regional data and relationship to biogenic sedimentation. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.02.017, Hendry, K. R., and Robinson, L. F. (2012). Oceanogr. (2020). Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 13:230. This dataset represents high-resolution data of both the period of strong upwelling (November-March) and weak/non-upwelling conditions (El-Nio, April-Jun). Experimental and observational studies of radiolarian physiological ecology: 3. effects of temperature, salinity and light intensity on the growth and survival of Spongaster tetras tetras maintained in laboratory culture. Doering, K., Ehlert, C., Grasse, P., Crosta, X., Fleury, S., Frank, M., et al. However, to apply 30Si as a direct proxy for DSi concentrations of specific water masses or water depth, detailed knowledge of the fractionation factor and a proper calibration for DSi concentrations has been lacking. Definition. Acquisition of genome information from single-celled unculturable organisms (radiolaria) by exploiting genome profiling (GP). Sci. Error bars indicate the external reproducibility in (A), in (B), the propagated error is given for values on the y-axis. Error bars in the figures indicate the uncertainty of the external reproducibility of NBS28 (2 SD). This project was organized under the auspices of the International Association of Radiolarian Paleontologists (Inter-Rad), and was carried out by the Mesozoic Working Group. The Navy detected "an anomaly consistent with an implosion or explosion" in acoustic data taken from the same area where the Titan went missing, a senior Navy official told NPR in a written statement. Radiolaria: achievements and unresolved issues: taxonomy and cytology. Sampling locations of Si isotope data (30Si, in ) for mixed radiolaria, A. murrayana, Dictyocoryne sp. However, while radiolaria can incorporate DSi from seawater under low ambient concentrations, it has been shown in laboratory experiments that DSi supplementation does not increase the mean weight of silicate deposited in specific species, like D. trunctatum (Anderson et al., 1989, 1990; Matsuoka, 1992; Sugiyama and Anderson, 1997; Suzuki et al., 2013). (EH) Correlation of the 30Si of each radiolarian group with minimum (orange), mean (yellow), and maximum (blue) DSi concentrations from their habitat depths (Table 2); (IL) Correlation of 30SiDSi signatures from the respective water depth with the 30Si for each radiolarian group. Skeletal growth of a spongiose radiolarian Dictyocoryne truncatum in laboratory culture. Limnol. Nutrient utilisation and weathering inputs in the Peruvian upwelling region since the Little Ice Age. Molina-Cruz, A. Silicon and nitrogen cycling in the upwelling area off Peru: a dual isotope approach. 41, 6286. Sanchez, G., Calienes, R., and Zuta, S. (2000). doi: 10.1007/s00343-019-8040-1, Acrosphaera murrayana (Haeckel 1887) Hilmers, 1906, Rhizaria (infrakingdom) > Radiozoa (Phylum) > Polycystina (class) > Nassellaria (Order) > Collozoidae (Family) > Collosphaeridae (Subfamily) > Acrosphaera (Genus). Shell discoidal with a thickened spongiform central mass and a broad cellulose margin with numerous rays prolonged into projecting spines. For better readability, all statistical values for regressions are given in Table 3. Mar. Popp, B. N., Takigiku, R., Hayes, J. M., Louda, J. W., and Baker, E. W. (1989). Rev. This observation needs further investigation and needs to be considered when interpreting the 30Si of radiolaria from sediment cores. Stylochlamydium venustum occurs both in warm and cold waters with a shallower abundance maximum in cold waters between 30N30S and absolute abundances that vary widely (0.00112 individuals L1) (Boltovskoy et al., 2017). [2] Traditionally the radiolarians have been divided into four groups Acantharea, Nassellaria, Spumellaria and Phaeodarea. Radiolaria and diatoms secrete silica shells, whilst some sponges secrete internal spicules of silica. For Stylochlamydium sp. (A) Map of surface sediment sampling stations for radiolaria taken during cruises M77/1 and M77/2. Transformation of silicon in a sandy beach ecosystem: Insights from stable silicon isotopes from fresh and saline groundwaters. Micropaleontol. and 0.13 to 0.49 (Stylochlamydium sp.). Reincke, T., and Barthel, D. (1997). Aalenian-Early Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) radiolarian assemblages in The dataset of 30SiDSi values presented here mainly consists of previously published data from cruises M77/3 and M77/4 (Ehlert et al., 2012; Grasse et al., 2013, 2016; doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.81996) and has been complemented by new data from cruise M93 covering stations from the southern shelf between 11S and 15S (data is published separately in Grasse et al., under review at Frontiers in Marine Sciences, 2021; Figures 1A, 2C,D; doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.90555). Biological fractionation of silicon isotopes in Southern Ocean surface waters. Accordingly, the lowest observed minimum DSi concentration is 3.95 mol L1 associated with a 30SiDicyto value of -0.07 0.2 (Tables 1, 3 and Figure 4B) and a minimum DSi concentration of 18.7 mol L1 associated with a 30SiStylo value of 0.19 0.2 (Table 1 and Figure 4B), resulting in t1 of 0.07 0.2 (Dictyo) and 0.19 0.2 (Stylo). Geochim. Chem. All rights reserved. Q. Sci. Further south, the DSi concentrations can increase to up to 3040 mol L1, and 30SiDSi signatures decrease slightly to +1.25 (Figures 2B,G). R Core Team (2018). Should the species with the high 30Si value be twice as large in comparison to a species with a lower isotope signature (+0.7), the 30Si value of the mix will increase to +0.87 for 13% abundance and +1.08 for 34% abundance. D. Finnin/AMNH. The 30Si values measured on the Neptune and the Nu Plasma are identical within the external reproducibility of the measurements (0.23 and 0.15, 2 SD) (for further details, see Supplementary Material 5). doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2006.04.006, Cassarino, L., Coath, C. D., Xavier, J. R., and Hendry, K. R. (2018). Shell spherical, with large circular or roundish pores of unequal size. The cause for this difference is not really known. The patagium developed between the arms tends to be somewhat concave. 134, 118. In situ imaging reveals the biomass of giant protists in the global ocean. A simple calculation shows the following: if we assume that 87% of the radiolaria in a sample have a 30Si value of +0.70 (mean for 30SiAcro) and 13% have a 30Si value of +1.45 (average of all 30SiDicyto and 30SiStylo), the mixed sample will have a signature of +0.8. Biogeosci. Sample preparation was performed in the same way as for the Nu Plasma measurements, but samples were measured at higher Si concentrations of 0.8 ppm Si and in wet plasma mode. There is potential for radiolarian 30Si (30Sirad) to be used as a tool to constrain surface to mid-depth DSi concentrations, which will allow a more detailed reconstruction of the past silicon cycle. They float as part of the zooplankton in the first 200 meters of water in the Earth . Oceanogr. Mol. Under low substrate utilization, the isotopic difference between the substrate (DSi) and the product (BSi) is assumed to be equal to the enrichment factor , given by the following equation: Statistical evaluation of correlations between 30Sirad samples with different (mean, maximum, and minimum) DSi concentrations was performed by ordinary linear regression and Deming regression. Polycystine radiolaria (Collodaria, Spumellaria, and Nassellaria) produce skeletons of opaline silica (Suzuki and Not, 2015), which are hardly affected by dissolution in the water column (Takahashi, 1981). Nature 532, 504507. Dictyocoryne profunda and truncatum are rarely separated in the literature. Mar. The 30SiDictyo are on average +1.61 0.20. 5:3107. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4107, Hildebrand, M. (2008). Radiolaria. The majority of species of characteristic Paleozoic orders such as Albaillellaria, Entactinaria, and Latentifistularia, which constituted a large part of the Paleozoic radiolarian fauna, disappeared during the Permian-Triassic crisis (e.g., Kozur and Mostler, 1982; De Wever et al., 2007). Over latitude, the 30SiStylo are highest with values of +1.17 to +1.48 between 0S and 3.4S and +1.26 h to +1.38 between 9S and 11S but decrease to +0.95 between 5S and 8S (Figure 3C, white dots). as well as from mixed-species samples doi: 10.1126/science.1097403. Nelson, D. M., Trguer, P., Brzezinski, M. A., Leynaert, A., and Queguiner, B. Over latitude, the 30SiStylo are highest with values of + 1.17 to +1.48 between 0S and 3.4S and +1.26 to +1.38 between 9S and 11S but decrease to +0.95 between 5S and 8S. Res. The 30SiDSi signatures from the respective water depths are indicated as black dashed lines. They were present in a very restricted location close to the periphery of the host radiolarian shell, adjacent to the central capsular . The last communication between the vessel and its mother ship, the Polar Prince, came in at 11:47 a.m. Sunday. Nigrini, C., and Caulet, J. P. (1992). Cosmochim. Oceanogr. doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(89)90171-5, Latz, M. I., Frank, T. M., Case, J. F., Swift, E., and Bidigare, R. R. (1987). Radiolaria are holoplanktonic protozoa and form part of the zooplankton, they are non-motile (except when flagella-bearing reproductive swarmers are produced) but contain buoyancy enhancing structures; they may be solitary or colonial. Micropaleontol. 33, 32263248. Deming regressions were performed using the cran deming package in R (R Core Team, 2018).
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